Leadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership - 876 Words

bstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. An evaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learner to better serve his community of professionals. The paper will also identify and evaluated the tenets of ethical leadership as well as those of diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Select and identify one leadership theory or style that you believe best aligns with your own thoughts of what leadership means. You will use that theory or style to analyze your strengths and weaknesses. Describe the leadership characteristics you already possess. Then, describe at least two additional leadership characteristics you would like to develop. Explain how these characteristics will allow you to guide, educate, inform, and influence others to manage change in the field of health care. Explain how your personal and academic experiences will contribute to and guide your development as an effective leader. For example, how will developing academic skills such as evaluating resources and scholarly writing help to strengthen your leadership position in the field of public service?Show MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. While servant leadership and collective leadership theories similarly encompass specific attributes, the collective leadership theory still lacks vision and empowerment. Inversely, at the other extreme of leadership theories is dictatorship. UnlikeRead MoreLeadership Style And Leadership Theory807 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies. The articles penned with the intention of examining the impact leadership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity, culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizesRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Styles1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide examples surrounding various leadership theories and leadership styles that sustain the definition of a public leader. First, this paper will provide a definition of a public leader. Next, it determine two leadership theories and two leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Also, this paper will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership theories. Subsequently, it will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership styles. Further, this paper will utilize properRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally, leadership is the art or process of influencing followers and subordinates to achieve the organizational goals. It helps an individuals or a group to identify its goals and assists in achieving the stated goals. Because of importance of leadership all kinds of group action, there are considerable number of researches and theories on leadership and many kinds of leadership styles like Greatman theory, power influence, Trait approach, Behavioral, Situational or Contingency approaches;Read MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Theories993 Words   |  4 Pagesto the other two leadership styles, I scored next highest in the delegate category and the least amount in the authoritative category. In this paper I will give a comprehensive overview of leadership styles and leadership management theories and how they relate to my sty le. Lastly, I will discuss my type of work environment, and three key actions or behaviors that I must demonstrate to be a successful leader. Alignment with management and leadership theories Leadership theories include trait, attitudinalRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is known as the process of guiding groups, individuals and an organization in the establishment of goals as well as sustaining those goals. The concept of leadership incorporates a diversity of clarifications, leadership styles and theories. While looking at the leaders around us no matter if it’s our president or place of employment, we often find ourselves questioning exactly why these individuals shine in these positions. This essay will detail my leadership in relations of the transformationalRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team membersRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership2172 Words   |  9 PagesThere are many leadership styles and theories.   Effective leaders are required to possess problem-solving skills, maintain group effectiveness, be dynamic, passionate, and be a motivational influence on others.   There are two leadership approaches that are most popular.   They are Transactional leadership and Transformational leadership.   A transactional leader is the traditional â€Å"boss† image (Yoder-Wise, 2015).   In such work environment, employees have an understanding that the superiors make allRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership Styles4638 Words   |  19 PagesLeadership theories The full spectrum of leadership styles is broad. The leadership styles continuum ranges from very directive to very non-directive: Autocratic, Benevolent Autocratic, Consultative, Participative, Consensus, and Laissez-Faire (Gibson, 1995). The autocratic leader an authority who make decisions or set goals and does not feel the need to explain them. The benevolent autocratic leader also rely on authority for decision-making, but may explain the thought process behind the decisionsRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Styles903 Words   |  4 Pagesphenomenon of leadership is based upon directing, influencing as well as motivating individuals for the purpose of implementing plans as well as running an organization. Leadership styles vary from person to person and is dependent upon the situations that the leader might be faced with (George, Sims, P. Sims, D., 2007). Basically, the leadership styles have been categorized into six types (i.e. commanding, visionary, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching leadership styles). All these

Essay on The Labor Unions - 2676 Words

The Labor Unions nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Unions have become commonplace in the labor arena. They provide employees with a valuable tool that allows them to stand together against their employer to make sure that their rights are upheld in the workplace. This paper will focus on labor unions with regards to how they work in two very different companies, Ford Motor Company and United Airlines. Also, a brief history will be outlined as well as legislation regarding unions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many unions are at battle with their respected employers. Some of these fights are better known than other fights. United Airlines is trying to renegotiate contracts to save their company money. This has been a long battle for United,†¦show more content†¦Within one week, 125,000 railroad workers were engaged in a sympathy protest. The government swore in 3,400 deputies. President Cleveland moved in federal troops to break the strike, despite a plea by then-governor Aitgeld of Illinois that such a move was unnecessary. A sweeping federal court injunction forced an end to the sympathy strike, and many railroad workers were blacklisted. The Pullman strikers were starved into defeat (Britannica, 2002). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At the time, before labor laws or standards, this strike showed the tendency of the federal government to offer moral support to the companies and use military force to break strikes. The injunction, usually issued immediately by compliant judges at the request of government officials, became a prime legal weapon against union organizers and actions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The modern model for government intervention in a strike came about in 1902. On May 12, of this year, mineworkers in northeastern Pennsylvania went on strike under the name of the United Mine Workers. More than 100,000 miners spent that summer on strike, keeping the mines closed. After mine owners refused a proposal for arbitration, President Theodore Roosevelt intervened. On October 16, 1902, Roosevelt appointed a commission of mediation and arbitration. Five days later, the miners returned to their jobs and fiveShow MoreRelatedLabor Unions And The American Labor Relations Act Of Canada Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pages Before the 1930s, labor unions had little to no voice in the contracts of industrialized companies. Labor Unions â€Å"are organizations of workers whose primary objectives are to improve the pecuniary and nonpecuniary conditions or employment among their members† (Ehrenberg Smith, pg. 451). The Christian Labour Association of Canada (CLAC) and the United Automobiles Workers (UAW) are different unions in Canada and the Unites States. Even though they have some similarities, the two groups have manyRead MoreThe History and Formation of Labor Unions in the Unites States of America2389 Words   |  10 Pagesworst time during American labor history, the Industrial Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of people in the United States flocked to work in factories where they faced long hours, unsanitary and unsafe conditions and poor wages. Labor unions, or groups of organized workers, formed in the United States to ensure workers the right to a safe workplac e and a fair wage in the face of capitalistic factory owners seeking wealth. In exchange, union members owe the responsibilityRead MoreLabor Unions And Labor Union1677 Words   |  7 Pages Labor Union A labor union is as defined in the dictionary, an organization of wage earners formed for the purpose of serving the members interests with respect to wages and working condition. There are people favor unionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s formation and people against the formation of labor unions. Even though there are many difficulties in organizing labor union, the union was successful in late 1800s. Today there are about 16 million workers in the U.S. that belong to a labor union. The purpose of the unionRead MoreLabor Unions And The Labor Union2368 Words   |  10 PagesEvery year in this country, there are major labor disputes that result in strikes or work stoppages. In each case, the organization, the labor union, and the public are negatively affected. Why can t there be a better way of resolving disputes between the management and labor unions to avert unnecessary strikes? Why does the relationship between the labor unions and management have to be adversarial in nature? Does any body benefit from strikes and work stoppages? These are some of the questionsRead MoreLabor Union And Labor Unions Essay2457 Words   |  10 PagesLabor union history began when the National Labor Union (NLU) was founded in 1866. After the creation of this union, several followed after. Many riots occurred during this time, the Haymarket Riot was one of the main reasons that the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was created. The AFL will be a major part in the labor movement in the future. Labor unions began due to the need to protect the workers. These labor unions formed to fight for reasonable hours, better pay, and safer working conditionsRead MoreLabor Unions615 Words   |  3 PagesLabor Unions University of Phoenix MGT434: Employment Law Scott Dunlap February 7, 2008 Labor organizations or unions are formed by employees who want better wages, benefits, and healthy working conditions. Over the years, participation in unions has declined regardless of the benefits it offers. There are less strikes and better wages in the United States which in turn does not warrant the high need for these types of organizations in the work place. Labor unions today compared to in theRead MoreLabor Unions3099 Words   |  13 PagesLabor Unions and the Dynamics of Race in Unions Labor unions have been in America for a very long time. There are many unions in a myriad of different fields. Labor unions were and are used to allow for equal treatment of workers. Employers always want to maximize their profits and they try to give the least to get the most in return. For reasons such as this is why unions were formed. Generally a union boss is appointed or hired to protect the rights and privileges of the employeesRead MoreThe Importance Of Labor And Labor Unions1125 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Labor and Labor unions 1800-1900) Prior to the American Civil War in 1861 much of American workforce was completed by slaves brought from Africa. Slave labor was used mostly in southern agriculture. Working conditions for slaves were dismal at best with inadequate housing, lack of food, resources and broken families. The quality of life for slaves was seldom taken into account by slave owners as slaves were seen as property rather than people or employees. After the Unions victory howeverRead MoreUnions Labor Unions And The Future Of The Union5772 Words   |  24 PagesTitle: Unions have played a significant role in workforce history, have they outlived their purpose. Abstract: Labor unions are lawfully recognized as envoys of employees in many companies in the United States. Activities of labor unions are centered on collective bargaining over workers’ benefits, working conditions, and salaries. They also stand in for their members in disagreements with management over the contract provisions violation. There are also larger unions thatRead MoreThe Union Unions : The Future Of Labor Unions Essay2786 Words   |  12 PagesOF LABOR UNIONS 2 12 Running Head: Future of Labor Unions 1 Research: The Future of Labor Unions Kedra Archie Keller Graduate School of Management HRM- 586 Labor Relations Professor: Danielle Camacho December 4, 2016 Abstract The history of unions in the

Research on Opera house of Sydney-Free-Samples-Myassignmentshelp

Question: Choose one tourist Destination you need to conduct the research on that Destination. Answer: Background The Sydney Opera House is the theatre art centre in Sydney, Australia. The building is one of the 20th Centurys most prominent as well as distinguished constructions. It was designed by Danish architect Jorn Utzon and inaugurated formally on 20 October 1973 (Sydney opera House, 2017). Since its completion in 1973 the building has been attracting people across the globe due to its eminent design and structure. Sydney Opera House has an enhanced location on Bennelong Point surrounded by superb harbour surroundings. SWOT Analysis Strength It is a single building comprising of multiple performance venue. It is one of the busiest performing arts centres hosting over 1500 concerts annually; attended by 1.2 million people. 8 million people visit the place annually and approximately 3, 50,000 visitors taking guided tours (Shofner, 2007). Sydney Opera House is known as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building has a recording studio, cafe, restaurant, bars and retail outlets An iconic image of both Sydney and Australia. The building has a design of a modern expressionist (Sydney opera House, 2017). Sydney Opera House was mostly paid for State Lottery. The largest venue has 2,679 seats. Many of the worlds renowned companies were involved in construction of the Opera House. Sydney Opera house is opened 363 days in a year for public. The building is well preserved and protected by the government authority. The building has a well-developed and unique infrastructure and appeal to a wider section of people coming from abroad. Surrounded by exquisite hotels and restaurant(Colbert, 2003). The glass used in the Sydney Opera House was made on order from France. The first person to perform at the house was Sergei Prokofiev. Since its opening, The British Queen has visited the place for four times(O'Halloran,2004). Weakness Most of the premium singers are based in Europe and occupied often by top companies out of the country; in such a situation the accessibility of Australian and New Zealand singers is sporadically limited. The offstage facilities are prominently insufficient and the orchestra place is restricted, enclosed and unable of creating an eminent orchestral sound. Australia require quality training services for young singers There is a lack of funds for growth of innovative works and art shape. There is a need for development to avoid the unrealistic risks Commercial broadcasters are no longer interested in broadcasting at all. There is lack of funds for the development of the Opera House. Opportunities There are opportunities to merge opera companies and the other subsidised performing art companies. Further collaboration with the major performing venue will help in sharing the risk and venue cost. There are exciting opportunities for more audacious and ground-breaking programs by collaborating with the international performers. Opportunities to develop Cultural Tourism Threats Reduction in the new generation performer is cause for the development of the place. Lack of music education in the Australian schools Difficulty in managing a sustainable balance between the audiences due to wide generation gap. Lack of funds available for carrying out the performances Lack of knowledge with innovative creative directors and designers to work in opera (SWOT Analysis of Opera, 2008). Target Customer Profile The Sydney Opera House attracts everyone which includes both domestic and international tourist. A majority of section visiting Sydney Opera house include people coming from abroad. Local population includes the Baby boomers and Millennials. But it is generally targeting the international population. Sydney opera house is a face of Australian Tourism Industry. The place is visited mostly by people to get a look of the heritage. Conclusion To conclude, the report includes the SWOT analysis of World heritage site- Sydney Opera House. The Sydney Opera House is known across the e world as one of the commended representative constructions in the world. The building is recognized as a symbol for the entire country. The Pritzker Price formally recognises Sydney Opera House as one of the great iconic buildings of the twentieth century". References Colbert, F. (2003). Company profile: the Sydney opera house: an Australian icon.International journal of arts management, 69-77. O'Halloran, K. ed., (2004).Multimodal discourse analysis: Systemic functional perspectives. AC Black. Shofner, S. (2007).Sydney Opera House. The Creative Company. SWOT Analysis of Opera, (2008). (Online). Retrieved from: https://musicinaustralia.org.au/index.php?title=SWOT_Analysis_of_Opera_-_2008 (Accessed on: 17 August 2017) Sydney Opera House, (2017). (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-opera-house (Accessed on: 17 August 2017) Sydney opera House, (2017). (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/ (Accessed on: 17 August 2017)

Research Paper on Apostle Paul Essay Example

Research Paper on Apostle Paul Essay Paul born about 3-4 in Tarsus, died about 64-65 when he was executed by the sword in Rome, was an apostle, missionary, theologian and one of the New Testament writers considered to have played a very large role in the preparation and dissemination of early Christianity. The major sources of Paul’s beliefs and lifestyles are the letters in the New Testament attributed to him and Acts of the Apostles. Paul was a Jew and descended, as well as Israel’s first king, from the patriarch Jacob’s youngest son Benjamin. Paul’s influence on Christian thinking has been argued to be more significant than any other writer of the New Testament. Christianity is considered by many to be dependent on Paul as much as on Jesus. According to the Christians, Paul taught that faith in Christ made the Torah (Law) became unnecessary to reach salvation. Paul’s feast day is celebrated on June 29, which should have been his death. It was common to Jewish parents in the Diaspora gave their children both Hebrew and Greek names. His Hebrew name was Saul (Saul in the 1917 Bible translation). Sometime after his conversion to Christianity at the time of his trip to Cyprus, he chooses instead to use the Greek name Paul (actually Paulos). The name Saul and the Greek name Paul used both in the New Testament. The name Paul used more frequently when the New Testament because language is Greek. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Apostle Paul specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Apostle Paul specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Apostle Paul specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The main sources of knowledge about Paul’s life and ministry is partly his own letters and the book of Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. According to Acts of the Apostles, Paul was born in Tarsus in Cilicia. He held Roman citizenship, was jew by birth and belonged to the tribe of Benjamin. He was a Pharisee and educated in Jewish law, according to the Acts of the Jewish teacher Gamaliel in Jerusalem. As a Pharisee, Paul was very zealous and pursued eagerly the early Christian church. He attended as a spectator when Stephen was stoned and Paul himself acquired a license to go to Damascus to monitor the Christians there. On the way there, he met, according to the book of Acts of the Apostles, Jesus in a vision and converted to Christianity. In his letters, Paul provided only sparse information about this. From Year 45, Paul undertook three great missionary journeys around the Mediterranean and it was during this period when the letters were written. In each city, he preached first in the synagogue, and then he turned to the Gentiles, the non-Jewish. After twelve years, Paul traveled back to Jerusalem, where he was imprisoned by the Roman commandant. As a Roman citizen, he could appeal and after two years, he was sent to Rome. On the way to Rome, he suffered shipwreck in Malta, according to tradition, on the Maltese island of Saint Paul’s Islet. In Malta, he was bitten by a poisonous snake without damage and he is the patron saint of ormbitna. To get more information on the topic, use free sample research paper on Apostle Paul. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Apostle Paul topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Be Self-Confident

Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Be Self-Confident Easy Ways To Finally Overcome Your Fear Of Public Speaking According to the recent researches, the biggest fear among people is public speaking. Not spiders, not height, even not death, but public speaking is considered to be the thing that people are scared the most. Among the reasons, you may hear the weirdest arguments. Here are the most common causes of peoples biggest fear and possible solutions to deal with it. Dealing with Fear of Public Speaking You sound boring You will never make people bored in the hall if you do not make them bored during your everyday life. However, the more nervous you are, the less confident you will sound during your presentation. Do not be nervous and your real inner character will show itself on the stage. You will belaughted at The most important thing to remember while speaking in public people do not laugh at you, they only laugh with you. Thus, there is no need to feel nervous or ashamed just continue your presentation and laugh with them even if you did not plan to. Humor will cheer you up and give you necessary confidence. You will let audience see your nervousness There is nothing bad in being slightly nervous. People expect you to feel like this, so no one will accuse you of anything. Just not let your nervous feeling grow into public speaking anxiety this is what you are required to do. You will forget everything Even though it is a common problem, there are plenty of ways out of this situation: Make sure your speech is coherent and logic structure all the points, so that it is easy to move from one to another. If you think you are going to forget something, just take a deep breath, think for a second and the lost thought will come to your mind straightaway. Repeat the thought that you have just mentioned. It will push you to the next point of your presentation. Always keep your notes close in case nothing previous helps. However, refer to them at last moment. Just tell the public you forgot everything. Surely as a joke. This will give you a small break and let you remember the lost point. You will fail to answer the questions Firstly remember, you are not supposed to answer all the questions. If somebody is intentionally trying to load you with unanswerable questions, try to turn it into a joke. If it does not help, simply ask that person to wait and give you the business card to be able to answer the question later. You will freeze Here is it, the biggest fear among all the fears. It is situation when you unexpectedly forget everything not being able to say a word. The solution to this is as simple as that just talk. You will never freeze if your mouth does not stop speaking. On the contrary, the longer you stay silent, the more nervous you as well as the audience become.

A Guide to Saying Aunt in Chinese

A Guide to Saying Aunt in Chinese There are many terms for aunt in Chinese depending on whether the aunt is on the mothers side, fathers side, the eldest aunt, or the youngest aunt. Also, each region in China has its own way of saying aunt. Across the board, the most common term for aunt in Chinese is  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­). Pronunciation   The Chinese term for aunt or auntie is composed of two characters: é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨. The pinyin for the first character é˜ ¿ is Ä . Thus, é˜ ¿ is pronounced in the 1st tone. The pinyin for the second character Ã¥ § ¨ is yà ­. That means Ã¥ § ¨ is pronounced in the 2nd tone. In terms of  tones,  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ can also be referred to as a1 yi2. Term Use é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­) is a general term that can be used to refer to  a family member, but it can also refer to people outside of the family. While it is considered polite to formally address female acquaintances as Miss or Mrs. in America, Chinese culture errs on the more familiar side. When addressing friends of parents, parents of friends, or elder females acquaintances in general, it is common to call them é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­).  In that way, this term is akin in auntie in English. Different Family Members As mentioned earlier, there are many ways to say aunt in Chinese depending on many factors. Here is a short breakdown of different terms for aunt in Mandarin Chinese. Ã¥ §â€˜Ã¥ §â€˜ (gÃ… «gu):  fathers sisterÃ¥ © ¶Ã¥ © ¶ (shÄ›nshen):  fathers brothers wifeÃ¥ § ¨Ã¥ ª ½ (traditional) /  Ã¥ § ¨Ã¥ ¦Ë† (simplified) (yà ­mÄ ):  mothers sister舅å ª ½ (traditional) /  Ã¨Ë†â€¦Ã¥ ¦Ë† (simplified) (jià ¹mÄ ):  mothers brothers wife Sentence Examples Using  Ã„€yà ­ Ä€yà ­ li le!é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¤ ¾â€ Ã¤ ºâ€ ! (traditional Chinese)é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¦  ¥Ã¤ ºâ€ ! (simplified Chinese)Auntie is here! TÄ  shà ¬ bà ¹shà ¬ nÇ  de Ä yà ­?Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨(both traditional and simplified Chinese)Is she your aunt? Ä€yà ­ hÇŽo!é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¥ ¥ ½! (both traditional and simplified Chinese)Hi, Auntie!

Eyewitness Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eyewitness Evidence - Essay Example Regardless of age, gender and stature, eyewitnesses vary in many ways toward their susceptibility, their impressions and more. Determining the optimal procedure requires the framework many police procedures rely on. M. L. Eisen writes in Memory and Suggestibility in the Forensic Interview that, "No matter what the scope or complexity of an event, however, the description of a memory for it can be usefully separated into encoding of the event (its original perception and acquisition), its retention over time is due to some change in the nervous system that can be called memory storage, and its later retrieval in response to some query." (Eisen, M.L.; p 4) To this effect, there is a reason the use of restatement of events and redirecting toward a certain moment within the events eye witnesses had experienced will effectively either confirm the events or question the recollections of the witness. This assists investigators, prosecutors and more in assessing validity of eye witness accounts. Eisen continues in his work describing that encouraging witnesses to discuss events prior to the crime or incident in question would also provide insight. "It might seem odd to consider factors that operate pri or to the occurrence of an event as affecting its later retention, but in fact such prior factors can be critical. Even if several people experience "the same" event, they will interpret it differently depending on their prior experiences." (Eisen, M.L.; p 4) This also expands the validity of the recounting of the event in question and can, in fact, assist investigators, prosecutors and the court system in determination as to whether validity and reliability would exist in the recounting. This can be seen in both children and adults depending upon the framework of the cognitive interview and subsequently in court testimony. Gronlund compares how sequential and simultaneous lineups differ from each other in Sequential Lineup Advantage: Contributions of Distinctiveness and Recollection. Gronlund states that according to Wells and colleagues simultaneous lineups would encourage relative decision strategies whereas sequential lineups encourage absolute decision strategies. "Gronlund considered two problems with the relative judgment data. First it was possible that the two shortest heights and two tallest heights in the lineups were not distinguishable to an encoding confusion." (Gronlund, S.D.; p 23-37) Gronlund's argument that recollection requires more mental resources than familiarity does, yet in his view, sequential lineups, however, are less resource demanding. This would allow more recollection capacity for the eye witness. Amina Memon and various authors have taken on the task of understanding many components of eye witness testimony including emotion, age of the witness, facial recognition, and post-identification feedback on confidence and memory judgments. The focus is on both children and adults, including seniors and the differentiations between them. In one abstract of Affecting Memories: Emotional Arousal and Eyewitness Testimony with Lynn Hulse and Kevin Allan, "one theory suggests that emotional arousal impairs memory, another suggests that it enhances

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Methods - Essay Example A key figure in business organization is a leader. His or her role and significance in the modern market society can not be underestimated. Developed countries spend vast resources on training professional managers. This problem is especially acute for many countries, which have very limited experience in training managers with the leadership skills in a market economy. Its solution depends on developing the right ideas about what qualities should be possessed by any leader working under modern conditions. The main objective of work boils down to, to learn the concepts and essence of leadership, to analyze the relationship between supervisor and subordinates, and make recommendations for the improvement of the organization efficiency on the whole. Implementation of the function of leadership must always entail changes and renewal. If any organization wants to survive and succeed in its business, then, on the analogy with people, it must adapt to environmental conditions and change al ong with them. Leaders are the first people, implementing innovations in their organization’s business. There are always people, individuals and whole groups, who fear to lose-something as a result of change. The last cause tensions, even in such cases, when it is obvious, that such changes are overdue and necessary. Without leadership any organization becomes detached from life, losing its ground, becoming less popular and effective. Leadership involves the process of social impact. The emphasis on "group" was and remains common to leadership theories and research in this area. This level of analysis refers to the micro level of organizational behavior and leadership studies. Business organization and, especially, organizational culture, in this case is rarely included in the scope of scientific interests. In this connection, study of problems of organizational leadership takes its particular relevance through the prism of an entrepreneurial culture under modern conditions. The extent of the given problem, relations between the leadership and team and the root causes of this universal social phenomenon were interesting for both thinkers of antiquity and modern times: Socrates, Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Kant. Analysis of business organizations as socio-cultural phenomenon dates back to the tradition of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, K. Levin, F. O. Selznick, and especially Charles Barnard and H. Simon (the latter largely foreshadowed the notion of "organizational ethics", the main features of the "organizational culture" category). The very introduction of the term "organizational culture ", as part of the business culture, and its detailed study dates back to the late 70-ies of XX century. G. Hofshtede (2000) conducted the most comprehensive study in the area of establishment and functioning of the enterprise culture and its typology. The models of the organizational culture influence on the functioning and management of the organization were suggested by V. Sate, T. Peters and R. Waterman, R. Quinn, J. Rohrbach, R. De George, J. Burns. The new aspects of leadership analysis were labeled in trade organizations in

Human impact on climate Essay Example for Free

Human impact on climate Essay Abstract Climate change has long been a controversial issue among governments and world bodies. It is defined as the variation in the Earth’s global climate or in regional climates over time. These variations may be caused by a multitude of factors, some of which include geological changes within the Earth itself, changes in forces outside the earth, or human activity. When talking about this issue, two terms are often interchanged to refer to these variations in normal weather patterns, namely global warming and climate change. The two however, while similar, belong to different spectrums. This paper seeks to examine the role of human activities as a form of climate change. Overview Global warming simply pertains to the recent gradual warming of the temperature in different locations around the earth. Climate change, as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), talks of variations in weather in general, but which are caused particularly by human activity. Although there have been steps taken towards curbing the destructive effects of climate change, there continues to still be a sense of apathy on the parts of some governments with regard to it. The continued burning of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles and other machines are directly responsible for producing air particles that contribute to warming the earth’s atmosphere. The conversion of forests to farmland or real estate developments has also reduced the amount of trees overall, thus cutting down the chances of more trees mitigating the carbon levels in the air, as well as absorbing and acting as a natural control for floods. Effects of Climate Change Climate change will have many effects on the environment, some of them already visible while others are slowly already being experienced in different parts of the world. Currently, scientists project that the mean global temperature will rise about 3 degrees Celsius, assuming the amount of carbon dioxide in the air doubles due to continued use of fossil fuels. Another projection was the rising of the mean sea level by about 50 cm, a relatively significant rise in light of the fact that computer model estimates have shown that several low-lying states and countries may, in part or whole, be submerged by the rising water level. The warming of temperatures at the mid-continent levels, as well as those in higher latitudes, will also be greater as compared to other locations. It has therefore been predicted that a considerable amount of polar and glacial will melt, as well as the continued warming of the oceans. These two events will constitute for the most part the increase in water levels mentioned earlier. Also to be seriously affected is the ecosystem, along with the natural order of the environment. Due to the heat that would be generated, more tropical climates would be prevalent, thus the focus on migration as well as agricultural production and output would shift all over the world. For the wildlife, the changing ecosystems would directly affect their natural habitats and breeding places. As it is, researchers continue to forecast that global warming may cause the easier proliferation of disease due to the idea that disease-carrying insects and other animals may migrate to other locations due to the changing weather. The hydrologic cycle will also intensify, with changes in water supplies as well as weather seasons such as droughts and flood, which could then greatly affect crops and other natural sources of food. Lastly, the effects of climate change on the broad concept of international security cannot be discounted. With more poor countries potentially facing an environmental disaster of catastrophic proportions, masses of refugees could converge on those remaining industrialized and highly urbanized nations that remain only somewhat affected. Also, should fossil fuel use not be successfully curbed in time, the scarcity of it will only mean that nations who have remaining reserves will become more powerful and dominant in the world stage, with new influential nations possibly developing.

Drugs - Does America Have a Future? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Does America Have a Future? Can you picture this? Children and teenagers suffer from irreversible brain damage. Children go to school high, if they even to go school at all. Crime rates soar to outrageous proportions. Businesses fail because of decreased productivity and increased absenteeism. Families break up because a parent is in prison. Courtrooms and prisons are overcrowded with criminals convicted of drug-related crimes. These scenes could reflect America in the future if drugs such as cocaine and marijuana are legalized. One argument for the legalization of drugs is that crime rates would be reduced. Former Surgeon General, Dr. Joycelyn Elders, stated on December 8, 1993, that "we could markedly reduce our crime rate if drugs were legalized." Her rationale is that drug users would not kill other people for drugs or drug money of drugs were legal. The logic is simple: if much of our growing crime rate is due to attempts by drug dealers to obtain and market drugs, and to attempts by addicts to obtain the money to buy their drugs at inflated prices, then legalizing drugs and controlling the cost would reduce the current crime rate. However, legalizing drugs would most likely increase the crime rate, not decrease it. A close look at the dynamics involved reveals that legalizing drugs would bring nothing but disaster for our future. First, legalizing drugs would promote further drug use. Current users would probably use drugs more often if they were legal, and people who do not currently use drugs might be tempted to try them for the same reasons. The National Institute of Drug Abuse reports that two-thirds of Americans between the ages of twenty and forty have used illegal drugs in the past... ...If that were not enough, parents under the influence of drugs are simply unable to make logical decisions or give children the guidance they need. What will happen, then, if more parents were suddenly able to obtain drugs for their "recreational use," most often in their homes? With such disastrous effects, why would anyone believe that legalizing drugs would benefit this country? Even if one or two of these predictions turned out to be true, would we be better off than we are now? If drugs are legalized in this country, this country would rapidly deteriorate in the midst of the millions and millions of drug-using Americans. Crime rates would escalate, and individuals, families, and society would disintegrate. Drugs are already consuming America. The future of America looks even more dismal if drug use were further legalized and its use further condoned.

Angels Demons Chapter 102-105

102 Piazza Navona. Fountain of the Four Rivers. Nights in Rome, like those in the desert, can be surprisingly cool, even after a warm day. Langdon was huddled now on the fringes of Piazza Navona, pulling his jacket around him. Like the distant white noise of traffic, a cacophony of news reports echoed across the city. He checked his watch. Fifteen minutes. He was grateful for a few moments of rest. The piazza was deserted. Bernini's masterful fountain sizzled before him with a fearful sorcery. The foaming pool sent a magical mist upward, lit from beneath by underwater floodlights. Langdon sensed a cool electricity in the air. The fountain's most arresting quality was its height. The central core alone was over twenty feet tall – a rugged mountain of travertine marble riddled with caves and grottoes through which the water churned. The entire mound was draped with pagan figures. Atop this stood an obelisk that climbed another forty feet. Langdon let his eyes climb. On the obelisk's tip, a faint shadow blotted the sky, a lone pigeon perched silently. A cross, Langdon thought, still amazed by the arrangement of the markers across Rome. Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers was the last altar of science. Only hours ago Langdon had been standing in the Pantheon convinced the Path of Illumination had been broken and he would never get this far. It had been a foolish blunder. In fact, the entire path was intact. Earth, Air, Fire, Water. And Langdon had followed it†¦ from beginning to end. Not quite to the end, he reminded himself. The path had five stops, not four. This fourth marker fountain somehow pointed to the ultimate destiny – the Illuminati's sacred lair – the Church of Illumination. Langdon wondered if the lair were still standing. He wondered if that was where the Hassassin had taken Vittoria. Langdon found his eyes probing the figures in the fountain, looking for any clue as to the direction of the lair. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. Almost immediately, though, he was overcome by an unsettling awareness. This fountain contained no angels whatsoever. It certainly contained none Langdon could see from where he was standing†¦ and none he had ever seen in the past. The Fountain of the Four Rivers was a pagan work. The carvings were all profane – humans, animals, even an awkward armadillo. An angel here would stick out like a sore thumb. Is this the wrong place? He considered the cruciform arrangement of the four obelisks. He clenched his fists. This fountain is perfect. It was only 10:46 P.M. when a black van emerged from the alleyway on the far side of the piazza. Langdon would not have given it a second look except that the van drove with no headlights. Like a shark patrolling a moonlit bay, the vehicle circled the perimeter of the piazza. Langdon hunkered lower, crouched in the shadows beside the huge stairway leading up to the Church of St. Agnes in Agony. He gazed out at the piazza, his pulse climbing. After making two complete circuits, the van banked inward toward Bernini's fountain. It pulled abreast of the basin, moving laterally along the rim until its side was flush with the fountain. Then it parked, its sliding door positioned only inches above the churning water. Mist billowed. Langdon felt an uneasy premonition. Had the Hassassin arrived early? Had he come in a van? Langdon had imagined the killer escorting his last victim across the piazza on foot, like he had at St. Peter's, giving Langdon an open shot. But if the Hassassin had arrived in a van, the rules had just changed. Suddenly, the van's side door slid open. On the floor of the van, contorted in agony, lay a naked man. The man was wrapped in yards of heavy chains. He thrashed against the iron links, but the chains were too heavy. One of the links bisected the man's mouth like a horse's bit, stifling his cries for help. It was then that Langdon saw the second figure, moving around behind the prisoner in the dark, as though making final preparations. Langdon knew he had only seconds to act. Taking the gun, he slipped off his jacket and dropped it on the ground. He didn't want the added encumbrance of a tweed jacket, nor did he have any intention of taking Galileo's Diagramma anywhere near the water. The document would stay here where it was safe and dry. Langdon scrambled to his right. Circling the perimeter of the fountain, he positioned himself directly opposite the van. The fountain's massive centerpiece obscured his view. Standing, he ran directly toward the basin. He hoped the thundering water was drowning his footsteps. When he reached the fountain, he climbed over the rim and dropped into the foaming pool. The water was waist deep and like ice. Langdon grit his teeth and plowed through the water. The bottom was slippery, made doubly treacherous by a stratum of coins thrown for good luck. Langdon sensed he would need more than good luck. As the mist rose all around him, he wondered if it was the cold or the fear that was causing the gun in his hand to shake. He reached the interior of the fountain and circled back to his left. He waded hard, clinging to the cover of the marble forms. Hiding himself behind the huge carved form of a horse, Langdon peered out. The van was only fifteen feet away. The Hassassin was crouched on the floor of the van, hands planted on the cardinal's chain-clad body, preparing to roll him out the open door into the fountain. Waist-deep in water, Robert Langdon raised his gun and stepped out of the mist, feeling like some sort of aquatic cowboy making a final stand. â€Å"Don't move.† His voice was steadier than the gun. The Hassassin looked up. For a moment he seemed confused, as though he had seen a ghost. Then his lips curled into an evil smile. He raised his arms in submission. â€Å"And so it goes.† â€Å"Get out of the van.† â€Å"You look wet.† â€Å"You're early.† â€Å"I am eager to return to my prize.† Langdon leveled the gun. â€Å"I won't hesitate to shoot.† â€Å"You've already hesitated.† Langdon felt his finger tighten on the trigger. The cardinal lay motionless now. He looked exhausted, moribund. â€Å"Untie him.† â€Å"Forget him. You've come for the woman. Do not pretend otherwise.† Langdon fought the urge to end it right there. â€Å"Where is she?† â€Å"Somewhere safe. Awaiting my return.† She's alive. Langdon felt a ray of hope. â€Å"At the Church of Illumination?† The killer smiled. â€Å"You will never find its location.† Langdon was incredulous. The lair is still standing. He aimed the gun. â€Å"Where?† â€Å"The location has remained secret for centuries. Even to me it was only revealed recently. I would die before I break that trust.† â€Å"I can find it without you.† â€Å"An arrogant thought.† Langdon motioned to the fountain. â€Å"I've come this far.† â€Å"So have many. The final step is the hardest.† Langdon stepped closer, his footing tentative beneath the water. The Hassassin looked remarkably calm, squatting there in the back of the van with his arms raised over his head. Langdon aimed at his chest, wondering if he should simply shoot and be done with it. No. He knows where Vittoria is. He knows where the antimatter is. I need information! From the darkness of the van the Hassassin gazed out at his aggressor and couldn't help but feel an amused pity. The American was brave, that he had proven. But he was also untrained. That he had also proven. Valor without expertise was suicide. There were rules of survival. Ancient rules. And the American was breaking all of them. You had the advantage – the element of surprise. You squandered it. The American was indecisive†¦ hoping for backup most likely†¦ or perhaps a slip of the tongue that would reveal critical information. Never interrogate before you disable your prey. A cornered enemy is a deadly enemy. The American was talking again. Probing. Maneuvering. The killer almost laughed aloud. This is not one of your Hollywood movies†¦ there will be no long discussions at gunpoint before the final shoot-out. This is the end. Now. Without breaking eye contact, the killer inched his hands across the ceiling of the van until he found what he was looking for. Staring dead ahead, he grasped it. Then he made his play. The motion was utterly unexpected. For an instant, Langdon thought the laws of physics had ceased to exist. The killer seemed to hang weightless in the air as his legs shot out from beneath him, his boots driving into the cardinal's side and launching the chain-laden body out the door. The cardinal splashed down, sending up a sheet of spray. Water dousing his face, Langdon realized too late what had happened. The killer had grasped one of the van's roll bars and used it to swing outward. Now the Hassassin was sailing toward him, feet-first through the spray. Langdon pulled the trigger, and the silencer spat. The bullet exploded through the toe of the Hassassin's left boot. Instantly Langdon felt the soles of the Hassassin's boots connect with his chest, driving him back with a crushing kick. The two men splashed down in a spray of blood and water. As the icy liquid engulfed Langdon's body, his first cognition was pain. Survival instinct came next. He realized he was no longer holding his weapon. It had been knocked away. Diving deep, he groped along the slimy bottom. His hand gripped metal. A handful of coins. He dropped them. Opening his eyes, Langdon scanned the glowing basin. The water churned around him like a frigid Jacuzzi. Despite the instinct to breathe, fear kept him on the bottom. Always moving. He did not know from where the next assault would come. He needed to find the gun! His hands groped desperately in front of him. You have the advantage, he told himself. You are in your element. Even in a soaked turtleneck Langdon was an agile swimmer. Water is your element. When Langdon's fingers found metal a second time, he was certain his luck had changed. The object in his hand was no handful of coins. He gripped it and tried to pull it toward him, but when he did, he found himself gliding through the water. The object was stationary. Langdon realized even before he coasted over the cardinal's writhing body that he had grasped part of the metal chain that was weighing the man down. Langdon hovered a moment, immobilized by the sight of the terrified face staring up at him from the floor of the fountain. Jolted by the life in the man's eyes, Langdon reached down and grabbed the chains, trying to heave him toward the surface. The body came slowly†¦ like an anchor. Langdon pulled harder. When the cardinal's head broke the surface, the old man gasped a few sucking, desperate breaths. Then, violently, his body rolled, causing Langdon to lose his grip on the slippery chains. Like a stone, Baggia went down again and disappeared beneath the foaming water. Langdon dove, eyes wide in the liquid murkiness. He found the cardinal. This time, when Langdon grabbed on, the chains across Baggia's chest shifted†¦ parting to reveal a further wickedness†¦ a word stamped in seared flesh. Angels & Demons An instant later, two boots strode into view. One was gushing blood. 103 As a water polo player, Robert Langdon had endured more than his fair share of underwater battles. The competitive savagery that raged beneath the surface of a water polo pool, away from the eyes of the referees, could rival even the ugliest wrestling match. Langdon had been kicked, scratched, held, and even bitten once by a frustrated defenseman from whom Langdon had continuously twisted away. Now, though, thrashing in the frigid water of Bernini's fountain, Langdon knew he was a long way from the Harvard pool. He was fighting not for a game, but for his life. This was the second time they had battled. No referees here. No rematches. The arms driving his face toward the bottom of the basin thrust with a force that left no doubt that it intended to kill. Langdon instinctively spun like a torpedo. Break the hold! But the grip torqued him back, his attacker enjoying an advantage no water polo defenseman ever had – two feet on solid ground. Langdon contorted, trying to get his own feet beneath him. The Hassassin seemed to be favoring one arm†¦ but nonetheless, his grip held firm. It was then that Langdon knew he was not coming up. He did the only thing he could think of to do. He stopped trying to surface. If you can't go north, go east. Marshalling the last of his strength, Langdon dolphin-kicked his legs and pulled his arms beneath him in an awkward butterfly stroke. His body lurched forward. The sudden switch in direction seemed to take the Hassassin off guard. Langdon's lateral motion dragged his captor's arms sideways, compromising his balance. The man's grip faltered, and Langdon kicked again. The sensation felt like a towline had snapped. Suddenly Langdon was free. Blowing the stale air from his lungs, Langdon clawed for the surface. A single breath was all he got. With crashing force the Hassassin was on top of him again, palms on his shoulders, all of his weight bearing down. Langdon scrambled to plant his feet beneath him but the Hassassin's leg swung out, cutting Langdon down. He went under again. Langdon's muscles burned as he twisted beneath the water. This time his maneuvers were in vain. Through the bubbling water, Langdon scanned the bottom, looking for the gun. Everything was blurred. The bubbles were denser here. A blinding light flashed in his face as the killer wrestled him deeper, toward a submerged spotlight bolted on the floor of the fountain. Langdon reached out, grabbing the canister. It was hot. Langdon tried to pull himself free, but the contraption was mounted on hinges and pivoted in his hand. His leverage was instantly lost. The Hassassin drove him deeper still. It was then Langdon saw it. Poking out from under the coins directly beneath his face. A narrow, black cylinder. The silencer of Olivetti's gun! Langdon reached out, but as his fingers wrapped around the cylinder, he did not feel metal, he felt plastic. When he pulled, the flexible rubber hose came flopping toward him like a flimsy snake. It was about two feet long with a jet of bubbles surging from the end. Langdon had not found the gun at all. It was one of the fountain's many harmless spumanti†¦ bubble makers. Only a few feet away, Cardinal Baggia felt his soul straining to leave his body. Although he had prepared for this moment his entire life, he had never imagined the end would be like this. His physical shell was in agony†¦ burned, bruised, and held underwater by an immovable weight. He reminded himself that this suffering was nothing compared to what Jesus had endured. He died for my sins†¦ Baggia could hear the thrashing of a battle raging nearby. He could not bear the thought of it. His captor was about to extinguish yet another life†¦ the man with kind eyes, the man who had tried to help. As the pain mounted, Baggia lay on his back and stared up through the water at the black sky above him. For a moment he thought he saw stars. It was time. Releasing all fear and doubt, Baggia opened his mouth and expelled what he knew would be his final breath. He watched his spirit gurgle heavenward in a burst of transparent bubbles. Then, reflexively, he gasped. The water poured in like icy daggers to his sides. The pain lasted only a few seconds. Then†¦ peace. The Hassassin ignored the burning in his foot and focused on the drowning American, whom he now held pinned beneath him in the churning water. Finish it fully. He tightened his grip, knowing this time Robert Langdon would not survive. As he predicted, his victim's struggling became weaker and weaker. Suddenly Langdon's body went rigid. He began to shake wildly. Yes, the Hassassin mused. The rigors. When the water first hits the lungs. The rigors, he knew, would last about five seconds. They lasted six. Then, exactly as the Hassassin expected, his victim went suddenly flaccid. Like a great deflating balloon, Robert Langdon fell limp. It was over. The Hassassin held him down for another thirty seconds to let the water flood all of his pulmonary tissue. Gradually, he felt Langdon's body sink, on its own accord, to the bottom. Finally, the Hassassin let go. The media would find a double surprise in the Fountain of the Four Rivers. â€Å"Tabban!† the Hassassin swore, clambering out of the fountain and looking at his bleeding toe. The tip of his boot was shredded, and the front of his big toe had been sheared off. Angry at his own carelessness, he tore the cuff from his pant leg and rammed the fabric into the toe of his boot. Pain shot up his leg. â€Å"Ibn al-kalb!† He clenched his fists and rammed the cloth deeper. The bleeding slowed until it was only a trickle. Turning his thoughts from pain to pleasure, the Hassassin got into his van. His work in Rome was done. He knew exactly what would soothe his discomfort. Vittoria Vetra was bound and waiting. The Hassassin, even cold and wet, felt himself stiffen. I have earned my reward. Across town Vittoria awoke in pain. She was on her back. All of her muscles felt like stone. Tight. Brittle. Her arms hurt. When she tried to move, she felt spasms in her shoulders. It took her a moment to comprehend her hands were tied behind her back. Her initial reaction was confusion. Am I dreaming? But when she tried to lift her head, the pain at the base of her skull informed her of her wakefulness. Confusion transforming to fear, she scanned her surroundings. She was in a crude, stone room – large and well-furnished, lit by torches. Some kind of ancient meeting hall. Old-fashioned benches sat in a circle nearby. Vittoria felt a breeze, cold now on her skin. Nearby, a set of double doors stood open, beyond them a balcony. Through the slits in the balustrade, Vittoria could have sworn she saw the Vatican. 104 Robert Langdon lay on a bed of coins at the bottom of the Fountain of the Four Rivers. His mouth was still wrapped around the plastic hose. The air being pumped through the spumanti tube to froth the fountain had been polluted by the pump, and his throat burned. He was not complaining, though. He was alive. He was not sure how accurate his imitation of a drowning man had been, but having been around water his entire life, Langdon had certainly heard accounts. He had done his best. Near the end, he had even blown all the air from his lungs and stopped breathing so that his muscle mass would carry his body to the floor. Thankfully, the Hassassin had bought it and let go. Now, resting on the bottom of the fountain, Langdon had waited as long as he could wait. He was about to start choking. He wondered if the Hassassin was still out there. Taking an acrid breath from the tube, Langdon let go and swam across the bottom of the fountain until he found the smooth swell of the central core. Silently, he followed it upward, surfacing out of sight, in the shadows beneath the huge marble figures. The van was gone. That was all Langdon needed to see. Pulling a long breath of fresh air back into his lungs, he scrambled back toward where Cardinal Baggia had gone down. Langdon knew the man would be unconscious now, and chances of revival were slim, but he had to try. When Langdon found the body, he planted his feet on either side, reached down, and grabbed the chains wrapped around the cardinal. Then Langdon pulled. When the cardinal broke water, Langdon could see the eyes were already rolled upward, bulging. Not a good sign. There was no breath or pulse. Knowing he could never get the body up and over the fountain rim, Langdon lugged Cardinal Baggia through the water and into the hollow beneath the central mound of marble. Here the water became shallow, and there was an inclined ledge. Langdon dragged the naked body up onto the ledge as far as he could. Not far. Then he went to work. Compressing the cardinal's chain-clad chest, Langdon pumped the water from his lungs. Then he began CPR. Counting carefully. Deliberately. Resisting the instinct to blow too hard and too fast. For three minutes Langdon tried to revive the old man. After five minutes, Langdon knew it was over. Il preferito. The man who would be Pope. Lying dead before him. Somehow, even now, prostrate in the shadows on the semisubmerged ledge, Cardinal Baggia retained an air of quiet dignity. The water lapped softly across his chest, seeming almost remorseful†¦ as if asking forgiveness for being the man's ultimate killer†¦ as if trying to cleanse the scalded wound that bore its name. Gently, Langdon ran a hand across the man's face and closed his upturned eyes. As he did, he felt an exhausted shudder of tears well from within. It startled him. Then, for the first time in years, Langdon cried. 105 The fog of weary emotion lifted slowly as Langdon waded away from the dead cardinal, back into deep water. Depleted and alone in the fountain, Langdon half-expected to collapse. But instead, he felt a new compulsion rising within him. Undeniable. Frantic. He sensed his muscles hardening with an unexpected grit. His mind, as though ignoring the pain in his heart, forced aside the past and brought into focus the single, desperate task ahead. Find the Illuminati lair. Help Vittoria. Turning now to the mountainous core of Bernini's fountain, Langdon summoned hope and launched himself into his quest for the final Illuminati marker. He knew somewhere on this gnarled mass of figures was a clue that pointed to the lair. As Langdon scanned the fountain, though, his hope withered quickly. The words of the segno seemed to gurgle mockingly all around him. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. Langdon glared at the carved forms before him. The fountain is pagan! It has no damn angels anywhere! When Langdon completed his fruitless search of the core, his eyes instinctively climbed the towering stone pillar. Four markers, he thought, spread across Rome in a giant cross. Scanning the hieroglyphics covering the obelisk, he wondered if perhaps there were a clue hidden in the Egyptian symbology. He immediately dismissed the idea. The hieroglyphs predated Bernini by centuries, and hieroglyphs had not even been decipherable until the Rosetta Stone was discovered. Still, Langdon ventured, maybe Bernini had carved an additional symbol? One that would go unnoticed among all the hieroglyphs? Feeling a shimmer of hope, Langdon circumnavigated the fountain one more time and studied all four fa;ades of the obelisk. It took him two minutes, and when he reached the end of the final face, his hopes sank. Nothing in the hieroglyphs stood out as any kind of addition. Certainly no angels. Langdon checked his watch. It was eleven on the dot. He couldn't tell whether time was flying or crawling. Images of Vittoria and the Hassassin started to swirl hauntingly as Langdon clambered his way around the fountain, the frustration mounting as he frantically completed yet another fruitless circle. Beaten and exhausted, Langdon felt ready to collapse. He threw back his head to scream into the night. The sound jammed in his throat. Langdon was staring straight up the obelisk. The object perched at the very top was one he had seen earlier and ignored. Now, however, it stopped him short. It was not an angel. Far from it. In fact, he had not even perceived it as part of Bernini's fountain. He thought it was a living creature, another one of the city's scavengers perched on a lofty tower. A pigeon. Langdon squinted skyward at the object, his vision blurred by the glowing mist around him. It was a pigeon, wasn't it? He could clearly see the head and beak silhouetted against a cluster of stars. And yet the bird had not budged since Langdon's arrival, even with the battle below. The bird sat now exactly as it had been when Langdon entered the square. It was perched high atop the obelisk, gazing calmly westward. Langdon stared at it a moment and then plunged his hand into the fountain and grabbed a fistful of coins. He hurled the coins skyward. They clattered across the upper levels of the granite obelisk. The bird did not budge. He tried again. This time, one of the coins hit the mark. A faint sound of metal on metal clanged across the square. The damned pigeon was bronze. You're looking for an angel, not a pigeon, a voice reminded him. But it was too late. Langdon had made the connection. He realized the bird was not a pigeon at all. It was a dove. Barely aware of his own actions, Langdon splashed toward the center of the fountain and began scrambling up the travertine mountain, clambering over huge arms and heads, pulling himself higher. Halfway to the base of the obelisk, he emerged from the mist and could see the head of the bird more clearly. There was no doubt. It was a dove. The bird's deceptively dark color was the result of Rome's pollution tarnishing the original bronze. Then the significance hit him. He had seen a pair of doves earlier today at the Pantheon. A pair of doves carried no meaning. This dove, however, was alone. The lone dove is the pagan symbol for the Angel of Peace. The truth almost lifted Langdon the rest of the way to the obelisk. Bernini had chosen the pagan symbol for the angel so he could disguise it in a pagan fountain. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. The dove is the angel! Langdon could think of no more lofty perch for the Illuminati's final marker than atop this obelisk. The bird was looking west. Langdon tried to follow its gaze, but he could not see over the buildings. He climbed higher. A quote from St. Gregory of Nyssa emerged from his memory most unexpectedly. As the soul becomes enlightened†¦ it takes the beautiful shape of the dove. Langdon rose heavenward. Toward the dove. He was almost flying now. He reached the platform from which the obelisk rose and could climb no higher. With one look around, though, he knew he didn't have to. All of Rome spread out before him. The view was stunning. To his left, the chaotic media lights surrounding St. Peter's. To his right, the smoking cupola of Santa Maria della Vittoria. In front of him in the distance, Piazza del Popolo. Beneath him, the fourth and final point. A giant cross of obelisks. Trembling, Langdon looked to the dove overhead. He turned and faced the proper direction, and then he lowered his eyes to the skyline. In an instant he saw it. So obvious. So clear. So deviously simple. Staring at it now, Langdon could not believe the Illuminati lair had stayed hidden for so many years. The entire city seemed to fade away as he looked out at the monstrous stone structure across the river in front of him. The building was as famous as any in Rome. It stood on the banks of the Tiber River diagonally adjacent to the Vatican. The building's geometry was stark – a circular castle, within a square fortress, and then, outside its walls, surrounding the entire structure, a park in the shape of a pentagram. The ancient stone ramparts before him were dramatically lit by soft floodlights. High atop the castle stood the mammoth bronze angel. The angel pointed his sword downward at the exact center of the castle. And as if that were not enough, leading solely and directly to the castle's main entrance stood the famous Bridge of Angels†¦ a dramatic approachway adorned by twelve towering angels carved by none other than Bernini himself. In a final breathtaking revelation, Langdon realized Bernini's city-wide cross of obelisks marked the fortress in perfect Illuminati fashion; the cross's central arm passed directly through the center of the castle's bridge, dividing it into two equal halves. Langdon retrieved his tweed coat, holding it away from his dripping body. Then he jumped into the stolen sedan and rammed his soggy shoe into the accelerator, speeding off into the night.

Fractional Distillation Essay

Abstract An equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene was separated by simple and fractional distillation, using an empty column and a copper sponge column respectively. Using helium as the mobile phase, the distillate was analyzed through gas chromatography. The calculated HETP for the simple distillation was 8.274 cm/plate and the 3.332 cm/plate for the fractional distillation. Experimental Procedure A copper packed fractional-distillation column was obtained and an apparatus was assembled for fractional distillation. Four clean, dry fraction collectors were obtained and labeled HETP, fraction 1, fraction 2, and fraction 3 respectively. A volume of 40.0 mL of an equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene was added to a 100.0-mL round bottom flask attached to the end of the distillation column. Heating chips were added to the round bottom flask in order to speed up the heating process. The 100.0-mL round bottom flask, along with the distillation column was attached to a ring stand over a heat source. The mixture was delicately heated to a boil. The first five drops were collected in the vial labeled HETP. The liquid for vial 1 began collecting when the temperature was 60 C and continued until it was 85 C. Vial 2 began collecting when the temperature was 86ï‚ °C and continued until it was 99 C. Vial 3 was collected at room temperature once the remaining liquid cooled. A volume of 1 micro-liter of each fraction, including the HEPT was added to the gas chromatography apparatus separately in order for each fraction to be analyzed. For simple distillation, the same procedure was followed using an empty, clean, and dry column. Data: Table 1: Simple Distillation Values VariablesHETPFraction 1Fraction 2Pot Residue Temp range,  °C-60-8586-100- Empty Vials & cap, g5.45316.84216.48216.842 Vial & contents, g5.57828.32330.21123.311 Mass of fraction, g0.12511.48113.7296.469 Area GC peak for Cy93.9461.2430.430 Relative mass Cy, g104.2767.97633.7770 % mass Cy93.3692.6349.550 Actual mass Cy, g0.116710.6356.8030 Actual moles Cy0.001390.126.08080 Area GC peak Tol6.684.8730.9874.33 Relative mass Tol, g7.0145.113532.52978.047 % mass Toluene6.647.3750.45100 Actual mass Tol, g0.008384.6156.9266.469 Actual moles Tol0.000090.91770.07510.0702 Table 2: Fractional Distillation Values (Copper Sponge Column) VariablesHETPFraction 1Fraction 2Pot Residue Temp range,  °C67-7071-8586-100- Empty Vials & cap, g5.30416.52815.73616.031 Vial & contents, g5.41227.14725.26026.200 Mass of fraction, g0.10810.6199.52410.169 Area GC peak for Cy49.4378.2240.000 Relative mass Cy, g54.86786.82444.40 % mass Cy99.588.7663.560 Actual mass Cy, g0.10759.4256.0530 Actual moles Cy0.00130.1120.06570 Area GC peak Tol0.19.9022.9457.86 Relative mass Tol, g0.10510.39524.08760.753 % mass Toluene0.511.2436.44100 Actual mass Tol, g0.00051.1943.47110.169 Actual moles Tol0.0000050.01290.03760.1103 Discussion The Northern Pines Chemical Company specializes in manufacturing chemicals from wood products such as turpentine. To obtain pure ÃŽ ±-pinene, it must be separated, using fractional distillation, from the other major component   turpentine, ÃŽ ²-pinene. This company would like to switch to a cheaper and longer-lasting packing material. The objective of this experiment was to separate an equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene by simple and fractional distillation, using an empty column and a copper sponge column respectively. The distillate was analyzed through gas chromatography, using helium as the mobile phase. Helium is a good mobile phase because it acts as an unreactive carrier-gas that pushes the samples through the chromatogram. This information was used to determine which packing material is most effective by comparing HETP values which based on the number of theoretical plates each material provides. Using the copper sponge as packing material in the fractional distil lation column provided a very effective separation of cyclohexane and toluene. The calculated HETP for simple distillation was 8.274 cm/plate and 3.332 cm/plate for fractional distillation. The fractional distillation was more effective because it had a lower HETP value which means that it has a higher number of theoretical plates for the same column length as the simple distillation. When comparing the purity of the major cyclohexane-rich fraction with the starting mixture (the equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene) of each distillation the packing material improved efficiency by more than six percent. One way to recover cyclohexane with even greater purity would be to heat the starting mixture slowly and steadily instead of rapidly, allowing better separation of the components. Another way to improve purity is to make sure the column is properly packed (not too tight) and insulated. Different packing materials will have diverse efficiency for distillation and therefore yield different HETP values. The most efficient packing material used was â€Å"rascing rings,† which provided an HETP of 2.67 cm/plate. The copper sponge material had an HETP value of 3.3 cm/plate, followed by glass beads and coiled copper with 7.5cm/plate and galvanized steel with 12.5 cm/plate. Packing the Northern Pines Chemical Company’s 3ft fractionating column with rascing rings would provide 34.2 plates, which meets the minimum requirement for separating ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²-pinene. Exercises 1) HETP=height/plates Porcelain saddles: 5 cm= (15 cm )/(x )=3 plates Glass Tube: 15 cm= (15 cm )/x=1 plate Vigreux Column: 8 cm= (24 cm)/x=3 plates Total plates= 3+3+1-1(boiling flask) = 6 plates 2) The HETP value and efficiency of separation can be affected by experimental errors. A) If the HETP sample was collected midway through the distillation, the mole fraction of cyclohexane:toluene would be much lower, which would in turn yield a higher HETP value. B) If all of the liquid distilled within 5 minutes of heating, a higher HETP value would be found again because all of the toluene would be distilled as well. This also means poor separation. C) If two packed columns were stacked over the boiling flask instead of one, the HETP value remain the same if the columns were identical because the height and number of plates would be the same.

Fecha de prioridad para obtener la green card

Fecha de prioridad para obtener la green card Tu fecha de prioridad es el dà ­a en el USCIS recibià ³ tu peticià ³n para una tarjeta de residencia. Es un dato importantà ­simo para saber cundo tendrs disponible una visa de inmigrante para ti. Si eres esposo/a, hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os, padre o madre de un ciudadano americano tu fecha de prioridad aparece en el documento en el que el USCIS confirma que ha recibido la aplicacià ³n. Pero realmente no es importante a estos efectos. Para ti no hay là ­mite anual en el nà ºmero de visas que se pueden conceder. Por lo tanto,  para ti no aplica el resto del artà ­culo. Por el contrario, si eres: cà ³nyuge de un residente permanente legalhijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de un residente permanentehermano de un ciudadanohijo soltero mayor de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadanohijo casado de cualquier edad de un ciudadano entonces sà ­ que la fecha de prioridad es muy importante para tu caso. Sigue leyendo. Los cupos anuales para tarjetas de residencia por razà ³n de familia Si ests en uno de los casos anteriores, para cada aà ±o fiscal hay un là ­mite en el nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden aprobar para cada categorà ­a de peticià ³n por razà ³n de familia. Pero como el nà ºmero de solicitudes que se presentan anualmente es superior al nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia disponibles esto hace que se produzca aà ±o tras aà ±o una acumulacià ³n de casos. Y se resuelven por estricto orden de presentacià ³n de la solicitud para cada categorà ­a. Y aquà ­ es donde entra en juego la fecha de prioridad. Cà ³mo se sabe si tienes que seguir esperando o si ya hay una visa disponible para ti Tienes que saber tres cosas: tu fecha de prioridad. Puedes verla en el NOA2tu paà ­s de nacimiento. Y si es Mà ©xico, China, India o Filipinas ver si te puede aplicar un cambio de paà ­s (alternative chargeability)tu categorà ­a Las categorà ­as son estas: cuando el que pide a un familiar es un ciudadano americano: Categorà ­a F1, cuando el beneficiario es un hijo del ciudadano y reà ºne estos dos requisitos: es mayor de 21 aà ±os y est soltero o es viudo o divorciado.Categorà ­a F3, cuando el aplicante es un hijo de un estadounidense y est casado. No importa la edad.Categorà ­a F4, cuando la tarjeta de residencia se solicita para un hermano de un ciudadano. Estos son 10 pasos para este tipo de solicitud, que da una idea clara de quà © se hace en cada momento y de dà ³nde se producen las demoras. Cuando el que pide la tarjeta de residencia para un familiar es un residente permanente legal: Categorà ­a F2A, cuando el beneficiario es el marido o la mujer de un residente o un hijo menor de 21 aà ±os que est soltero.Categorà ­a F2B, cuando se solicita para un hijo soltero del residente permanente que tiene ms de 21 aà ±os. En este caso debe estar soltero, viudo o divorciado. En otras palabras, los residentes permanentes no pueden solicitar una tarjeta de residencia para los hijos casados. Una vez que sabes esos tres datos debes hacer los siguiente: Cada mes, a partir del dà ­a 8 aproximadamente, el Departamento de Estado publica en el Boletà ­n de Visas las fechas de corte (cut-off) para cada categorà ­a de visas de inmigrante para el mes siguiente.   Entonces, lo que tienes que hacer es buscar tu categorà ­a (f1, f2a, f2b, f3 o f4) y mirar la columna de Mà ©xico, si has nacido allà ­, o la del resto del mundo, si has nacido en otro paà ­s de Latinoamà ©rica o en Espaà ±a (o en otro paà ­s que no sea China, India o Filipinas). Y vers una fecha (escrita a la americana, primero el mes, luego el dà ­a y luego el aà ±o). Eso quiere decir que las peticiones en esa categorà ­a con fecha de prioridad anterior a ese dà ­a tienen ya visa de inmigrante disponible. En otras palabras, toda la tramitacià ³n se acerca a su fin, aunque todavà ­a no se ha completado. Si ests fuera de Estados Unidos, quiere decir que el consulado tiene a su disposicià ³n un nà ºmero para la visa de inmigrante. Y si ests ya en el paà ­s, que el CIS tiene un nà ºmero para proceder a tramitar el ajuste de estatus. Pero si tu fecha de prioridad es posterior al dà ­a de corte que aparece en el boletà ­n de visas, eso quiere decir que tendrs que seguir esperando. Retrocesià ³n Si todos los meses consultas el boletà ­n de visas es posible que un dà ­a te lleves un buen susto al ver que las fechas de corte en vez de ir adelantando, den un salto hacia atrs . Esto es lo que se conoce como retrocesià ³n, cuando por la razà ³n que sea no hay visas de inmigrante disponibles para una categorà ­a en concreto o incluso para un paà ­s dentro de una categorà ­a. Suele darse cuando el aà ±o fiscal se acerca a su fin. A tener en cuenta La fecha de corte que aparece en el boletà ­n de visas quiere decir cunto han estado esperando las personas que han hecho su peticià ³n en determinada categorà ­a. Pero si ahora presentas tà º una peticià ³n, no quiere decir que ese vaya a ser tu tiempo de espera. Puede ser mayor o menor. Pero en todo caso te da una idea de lo lento que funciona el sistema. Y aquà ­ se puede ver cunto se demora todo tipo de trmite migratorio, desde lo que tardan las residencias a presentarse en Corte, solicitud de visas u otro tipo de peticiones. Para evitar repeticiones a la hora de escribir el artà ­culo, se utilizan las palabras ciudadano, hijos, trabajadores, etc en sentido genà ©rico, incluyendo tanto al hombre como a la mujer. Es decir, cuando se habla de un hijo de un ciudadano hay que entender que tambià ©n se contempla el caso de la hija de un ciudadano o los hijos de una ciudadana. Y asà ­ en todos los supuestos. Consejo y dà ³nde encontrar informacià ³n Toma una test para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos  sobre cà ³mo obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia. Es difà ­cil conseguirla. No corras el riesgo de que te la cancelen por ignorancia. Finalmente, es importante saber dà ³nde encontrar informacià ³n sobre el caso, saber dà ³nde reportar fraudes o dà ³nde solicitar ayuda.

Mastaba, the Original Pyramids

Mastaba, the Original Pyramids A mastaba is a large rectangular structure that was used as a type of tomb, often for royalty, in Ancient Egypt. Mastabas were relatively low (especially when compared to pyramids), rectangular, flat-roofed, roughly bench shaped burial structures that were created and utilized for the pre-Dynastic pharaohs or nobility of Ancient Egypt. They had distinct sloping sides and were typically made of mud bricks or stones. The mastabas themselves served as visible monuments for the prominent Egyptian nobility that they housed, although the actual burial chambers for the mummified corpses were underground and were not visible to the public from the outside of the structure. Step Pyramid Technically, mastabas preceded the original pyramid. In fact, pyramids developed directly from mastabas, as the first pyramid was actually a type of step pyramid, which was constructed by stacking one mastaba directly on top of a slightly larger one. This process was repeated several times in order to create the initial pyramid. The original step pyramid was designed by Imhotepin the third millennium BC. The sloping sides of traditional pyramids were adopted directly from mastabas, although the flat roof typical of mastabas was replaced by a pointed roof in pyramids. The common flat-sided, pointed pyramid also developed directly from the mastabas. Such pyramids were created by modifying the step pyramid by filling in the uneven sides of the pyramids with stones and lime in order to create the flat, even outward appearance. This eliminated the stair-like appearance of step pyramids. Thus, the progression of pyramids went from the mastabas to the step pyramids to the bent pyramids (which was an in-between form of the step pyramid and the triangular shaped pyramids), and then finally the triangle shaped pyramids, like those seen at Giza. Usage Eventually, during the Old Kingdom in Egypt, Egyptian royalty such as kings stopped being buried in mastabas, and began being buried in more modern, and more aesthetically pleasing, pyramids. Egyptians of non-royal background continued to be buried in mastabas. From the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Old Kingdom mastabas were used chiefly for non-royal burials. In nonroyal tombs, a chapel was provided that included a formal tablet or stela on which the deceased was shown seated at a table of offerings. The earliest examples are simple and architecturally undemanding; later a suitable room, the tomb-chapel, was provided for the stela (now incorporated in a false door) in the tomb superstructure. Storage chambers were stocked with food and equipment, and walls were often decorated with scenes showing the deceased’s expected daily activities. What had earlier been a niche on the side grew into a chapel with an offering table and a false door through which the spirit of the deceased could leave and enter the burial chamber.†

Community Analysis for Sedgefield Elementary School Essay

Community Analysis for Sedgefield Elementary School - Essay Example There is a public library within the vicinity but mathematically and logically speaking, most of the students could not afford to be they're considering the accessibility of the people who are within the area (The distance, the availability of time, availability of materials that are to be used). In the school's case, it has limited resources for the students to enjoy the privilege of having different study materials. It lacks resources that are essential for the need of information in their respective subjects. Therefore a need for more learning materials particularly books and library for the students to enjoy their studies. Due to limited resources, the students are deprived of having a quality education, which is needed by the students. Primarily, the need of literacy program for the students is at bay so the problem for them to read and write is a major concern in order for the students to have at least a capital for them to ascend into the next level of education. So the need for a library is evident. To analyze the library that is present in the vicinity in this small community in Charlotte particularly the Sedge field media center, it ca

Social Media and Political Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media and Political Campaign - Essay Example Texts will form the most prominent part of this campaign strategy. Additionally, phone calls would be vital in the same. The method of texts will articulate in the sense of automatic machines that send constant messages. These will send the most vital messages of the campaign. It will cover the party and the campaign’s slogan. Additionally, it would entail Obama’s principal message or agenda. The other form would entail sending of message that the campaign situation arouses (Harfoush 117). In this strategy, the same would entail responding to queries and comments from the public. Such comments would have to utilize youth-friendly word play. It is vital to note of various requirements to texts. It would involve a study, of use of texts, by youths. The constant messages would have to put up with the colloquial orientation of youth’s language. Since the youths would need an engagement with the campaign, it would be vital that the social media section provide polling and breaking news to the youth population. In addition, the social media section will design applications that enable networking sites in phones. In close relation to the same, it will collaborate with the applications’ companies in availing free systems for phones. In this sense, youths would be able to access videos, of Obama’s campaigns, in other areas. The mobile phones’ applications would be vital in attaining contact information. The applications are vital in locating voter’s centers. Such a target enables tailoring of campaigns in order that it fits the same. As regards Romney campaign, the strategy would involve utilization of social networking sites. The social networking sites have proven to be constructive tools, of marketing, as pertains to business (Amerland 118). This perspective is essential for Romney’s campaign. This regards the underlying fact that relates to attraction of people. In every form of marketing, people are the

War Through the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War Through the Media - Essay Example The writer pays much of his attention to the problem of information gaps. The question †what would happen if the Axis powers won the war?†(p. 51) illustrated the fear that people felt. So newspapers used this state of fear and unknowing in order to control the emotional state of the public. Also because of economic competition that existed then between newspapers, every of them tried to outdo the opponent. This caused that truth in headlines disappeared in the content. â€Å"The nation’s newspapers published according to the dictates of their own consciences and interests and printed what they wanted to print, attacked who they wanted to attack, and reported with accuracy or distortion—that is, they acted like a free press†.The government had to find a solution to this problem, so it had to control the information. So the only way out was to form an agency devoted to propaganda. There were several of them only the Office of War Information (OWI), esta blished by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942, continued its existence. Its mission was to inform public of happening abroad and to counteract enemy propaganda. Jordan Braverman give the definition of the OWI`s objectives, he says that the goals of the OWI were to record, clear, and approve all proposed radio and motion picture programs that federal agencies sponsored and to serve as a contact for the radio broadcasting and motion picture industries in their relationships with federal departments and agencies and concerning these governmental programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦The OWI was to form

Queen Rania of Jordan: Leadership Case Study

Queen Rania of Jordan: Leadership Case Study Introduction: Queen Rania Queen Rania of Jordan is one of the most influential personalities of the Middle East. She has been called as the New Face of Islamic feminism in the recent world i.e. 21st century. This graduate in business administration, a former banker and a mother of four works tirelessly to improve the conditions of weaker sections of her country and to improve the image of her country on the world stage. She claims to represent the large segment of Arab women, sharing their hopes and aspirations with their face. PERSONAL LIFE: Early Life: As far as her family background is concerned, Queen Rania does not belong to a royal lineage and formerly was Rahia al Yasin. The origin of family is from West Bank of River Jordan. It was previously a part of Palestine that has been annexed by Jordan after 1948 Arab Israeli Conflict and again taken by Israel in the year 1967.Today it is a disputed area as West Bank territories central to the Israeli Palestinian conflict. Because of the continuous instability Rania father, a partition (doctor of childrens), settled in Kuwait in early 60s and became a prosperous man. Childhood and Education: Rania was born on August 31st, 1970 in Kuwait city. She did her early education at a private school New English School After completing her early education in Kuwait, Rania graduated in Business administration from American University in Cairo in 1991. About her childhood experience she writes There was a very large expatriate community in Kuwait. My classroom had child from many different Nationalities. So I grew up with people of Europe, the United States Africa, and the Fareast. These interactions make me realize how alike we are that makes us similar much more Career: After her graduation from American University Rania could not return to Kuwait because it was occupied by Iraqis forces under Saddan Hussain region and the family had to flee to Jordan. Rania follow her family to Jordan Capital Amman and joined City bank there and then served for a short period at the local office of Apple Computer. Here her business contracts brought her a dinner invitation by Prince Abdullah, who was serving military at that time, happen to be present in that party and came in contact with her. Family Life: Rania began her life with her husband Prince Abdullah in 1993 and blessed by four children vs. Prince Hussain (who was named in honor of his grandfather), king Hussain of Jordan, princess Iman and princess Salma and the fourth one is Prince Hashem. King Hussain, the then ruler of Jordan and father of prince Abdullah was fighting with cancer and passed away in 1999.Just before his demise he has chosen Prince Abdullah as his designated heir. RANIA AS A QUEEN: Although king Abdullah ascended on 7th February 1999, Rania had to wait up to march 22 1999, when her husband proclaimed her Queen. Social Life or HM The Queen Rania of Jordan has been declared 76th in the list of 100 most powerful women of world nearly 600,000 people follow her on twitter. She significant strides in promoting East West dialogue by leading a series of files in you tube that explored shared misdeal heritage. Hence she was awarded the first ever Visionary Award by you tube work of H.M. The queen Rania can be divided into the following heads: Domestic Agenda : Her majesty has so many activities on her domestic agenda which includes : A) Madra Sati (My School) This program is the brain child of the Queen Rania, which she launched in April 2008.It, is a public private initiative with an aim to refresh 500 of Jordans public schools over a period of 500 years. She also launched Queen Rania Award for excellence in Education with awards to principals in April 2009. B) H.N the Queen Rania established the first interactive children museum of Jordan. It was established in May 2007. Queen Rania is also chairperson of the royal health Awareness society. This is guide for health for the citizen of Jordan. Queen Rainia recognized three factors to build happy families and healthy homes via Expertise and Energy of Staff at RHAS Ideas and Enthusiasm of Students. Commitments of Partners. At front of higher education, HM Queen Rania scholarship Programmed was established in partnership with several leading varsities from around the world. These scholarships are given in the field of management and marketing, design, finance, business, psychology, architecture, law etc. The standard of scholarships is high and these are given only to most outstanding achievers. These scholarships are given to create a more innovative and dynamic workforce with an eye to fill the existing knowledge gap in for domain labor market which aims at more sustainable socioeconomic model. COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT It is a nonprofit organization started in Amman to empower society, especially women and children. It is aimed to improve the quality of life and to secure a better future to all for domain through a sustainable socioeconomically and cultural program. It has a weaving project named Bani Hamida weaving project, which promotes Bedouins handicrafts and improve economic and social well being of Bedouins handicrafts and improve economic and social well being of Bedouins women and children. Wadi Al Rayan project is another project hosted by Jordan River Foundation. A group 165 women is engaged in this project in making baskets mats, and furniture from local banana leaves and cattail reeds. SUSTAINABILITY: Queen Rania actively supports the development of sustainable tourism in Jordan through Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN).RSCN is a non profit, non government organization. It is supported by institutions and individual donation. It is supported by bird life international, world conservation Union (IUCN); later it becomes the largest democratic conservation agency in the world. RSCN was instrumental in establishment of IUCN which covers west Asia.RSCN and IUCN are partners in implementing Jordan Rift valley project and co financing part of this project through direct technical support. International fund for animal welfare (IFAW) also cooperates with RSCN with an aim to enhance biodiversity protection in Jordan. Queen Rania has supported the partnership between Ministry of tourism and Antiquities with WHA (World Heritage Alliance for Sustainable Tourism) YOUTH PROGRAMME She is a strong supporter of junior achievement of world wide. The later is a nonprofit youth organization founded in the year 1919 by Horace Moses. This is the worlds largest and nonprofit organization dedicated to teach the students about entrepreneurism, workforce management and financial activities. GLOBAL AGENDA Human Rights for Women Is a serious practice of killing women, who are found, engaged in extra mental of fairs? Usually it is done by the male members of the family. The telegraph writes about Queen Rania in following words (3rd Dec 2011).Queen Rania, who regularly appears without head scarf, let alone hi job, has given her quiet support to womens rights group who wants to change laws amounting to legal impurity for men involved in honor killing. Queen Rania is supported by Islamic scholars like Sheikh Hamza by insisting that Islamic law or Sharia does not support honor killing is nothing to do with Islam. B). GLOBAL LEADERSHIP The world economic forum is an independent international Organization committed to improving the state of world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agenda. H.M Queen Rania is also the chairperson for the nomination of young global leader at WEF. She was the only serving member from Arab world when she attended her first weekly at WEF in 2003. In Nov 2000, Queen Rania was invited to join the global leadership initiative of United Nations Children Fund in recognition of her concern to the cause of children and youth. Vaccine Fund is non-profit International Organization which harnesses resources to seek to provide vaccination of children in the countries of world. In early 2002, the board of Directors of International Youth Foundation has appointed Queen Rania as its member. This foundation is based in BALTIMORE in USA and helps young people to learn basic life skills, education and training. They need to succeed. Queen Rania is also the Honorary Chair of the Board of Governors of the Packman Terric institute of la Roche College (USA).This offers scholarships to young outstanding talented youth from developing countries. She is honorary President of the Arab Academy for Banking and financial Sciences. This is a pioneer institute in field of Banking and Financial activities. She is also honorary president of the Arab Women Labor Affairs Committee of Arab labor Organization. She is honorary chairperson of Jordan Chapter of operation Smile, which is an organization (a secular NGO) providing help to the children worldwide for surgeries of cleft lip and cleft palate. Queen Rania is also patron of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and was awarded by the Italian government for the achievement in this field of osteoporosis. Her majesty is the president of Jordan society for Organ Donation. (Her Majesty Queen Raina) Queen Rania: A Role Model for Future Generation Queen Rania is really an icon and role model for young generation. She is involved in so many activities for human well being that she can considered as one of the worlds greatest leaders. These activities include: Focus on quality and caliber of education for children especially for girl children. The most important project in this regard is Mordacity Palestine to rehabilitate and refurbish the public school of Jordan. She also started Mordacity Palestine for ovate dilapidated schools east Jerusalem. Her majesty also established Al Aman Fund in 2003 which works to provide education to the orphans. Community Empowerment : Jordan Rive Foundation a brain child of H.M Queen is a nonprofit NGO working in the field of community empowerment , started in Dec 1995.The foundation mission statement reads as follows: The foundations mission is to promote, in partnership with stakeholders, the development of a dynamic society by initiating and supporting sustainable social, economic, and cultural program that empowers community and individuals based as their needs and priorities This organization is committed to improve the lives of children and families through: National program Community Empowerment Program JRF Children Program JRF consist of the following components: A showroom in Jabal Amman. Bani Hamidias Womens Weaving Project. Based in Mukawir, near Madaba this project aims to improve the economical and social conditions of Bedouin women and children. Bani Hamida handicrafts are displayed by JRF in the showroom. Wadi Al Rajan Project for women empowerment consisting of a group involved in making handicraft items from locally available banana leaves and cattail reads. Her majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah has involved in all aspects of JRF. She is the chairperson of the Board of transteers of this fund and provides visionary leadership to the program. H.M Queen Rania Al Abdullah is actively involved in development of Jordans sustainable tourism through royal society for the conservation of Nature. Under her leadership Jordan is evolving as a safe and unique destination offering modern services with authenticity and heritage. Human Rights: HM Queen Rania has an excellent track record in the field of Human Rights. She is in particularly vocal against honor killing. On International Stage too, her majesty is a prominent figure especially in the front of global education and child welfare.UNICEF has invited her to join its global Leadership Initiative in recognition of her commitment to the cause of children. she was also named as the first eminent Advocate for children and also become Honorary Global Chairperson of the UNGEI(United Nations Girls Education Initiative) Queen Rania stresses particularly about the cross culture dialogue to promote greater understanding, tolerance and acceptance in the world. She always use her status to correct misconception about Islam, Arab world, and womens role in Islam Her majesty is also a member of many International Foundations and Forum like Foundation Board of young Global Leaders, world Economic Forums etc. It must be emphasized there are only some of the preoccupations of her majesty and are testimony of hard of Queen of Jordan in service of her nation and international Community. That is why she is a fit role model for any Jordanian youth in his/her future carrier. (Queen Raina of Jordan) LEADERSHIP REQUIRED BY UAE Before discussing the leadership required by UAE we must explore various theories of leadership. Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in order to achieve a common goal. It must emphasized that a leader may or may not have a formal authority. There are eight types of major leadership theories prevailing in Contemporary world i.e. 1.Great Man Theories: These theories assume that the great man are borne and not made. These theories presume that leadership is inherited. These types of theories are predominately needed by military advantages and expeditions and in situation of crisis. 2. Trait Theories: These are the modifications of great man theories which presume that certain trait inheritance are required for a person to develop. These theories identify certain common characters in behavior of leaders. 3. Contingency Theory: It describes many variables for leadership to develop. As per this, any different type of leadership are required in different situations. Success is a result of interaction of different variables including the leadership style, qualities of followers and components of situation. 4. Situational Theories: These theories propose the choice of best action in a particular situation. This type of leadership is more appropriate for decision making. 5. Behavior Theories: These theories believe that great leaders are not born but are made. They are based on the action of leader in a particular situation and not on her mental abilities. According to these theories people can learn to become leader through training and education. 6. Participative Theories: Such leaders encourage participation and contribution from their followers and involve them in decision making process. 7. Management Theories: Management or transactional theories take in account the role of Supervision and group performance. As a matter of fact these are the blend of above discussed theories. This type of leadership depends on the reward and Punishment. Phenomenon is supposed to be best suited for business situations. 8. Relationship theories or Transformational Theories: These are based on the mutual understanding and relation bonding between leaders and followers. These leaders motivated inspire like a mentor i.e. they bring up the potential of individuals. Such leaders usually have high ethical and moral standards. Regarding UAE, a blend of almost all the theories except the first one(as there is no crisis or military expedition) are required to meet the challenges of business, social and cultural reforms, education requirement and health aspects. It must be realized that in UAE, the business management deals with the cultural diversity with many nationalities, ethical and cultural groups coming together to achieve a common goal. Moreover today is the era of virtual organization i.e. mostly the organizations are operating via electronic means and there is no face to face interaction of parties involved in the business. Online business is the word coined to denote such business outsourcing is the backbone of such organization along with the telecommunication. So, two different organization may enter into contract involve into exchange of services and payments without community in close contact with other. This may be called as Virtual Organization. This is to emphasize that leadership of these o f organization require a high degree of Managerial Capabilities especially with the phenomenon of globalization of market place i.e. the Integration of National Economic into the International ones through trade, foreign Direct Investment, Capital Flows, Migration Communication and transportation. This results into various nationalities etc to come on a common platform. The economy of UAE is mainly a business based one apart from being oil based. HSBC trade confidence index ranks 2nd in world behind India. So in the last it can be concluded that a leadership with strong managerial capabilities is the most suited one for UAE. (Queen Raina) HANDLING THE MULTICULTURAL WORKFORCE Multicultural Workforce refers to a non power of varying social, cultural, racing and ability characteristics. It is also denoted as diversified workforce. The main challenges is handling a diversified or multicultural workforce, is to accommodate the life style, ethical values, work style and need of these different group without compromising with the common goal on operations of an organization. A business leader can use the diverse characteristics of a multicultural human wealth to a strategic advantage with creativity. A multicultural workforce makes a good business opportunity. Organizations with corporate environment are now facing a difficult question i.e. Can Diversity be best treated by equal treatment or differential treatment? Although the advocated of anti discrimination may argue that it is inhuman or illegal in certain countries but some managers may argue that this premises ignores the fundamental of diversity i.e. the different behavior of the people from different nationality or Ethnic groups in different condition. For example an employee from the Far East may be happy if he is asked to work for more hours and paid for that extra period of time. On the other hand, the same person simply refused to work more if he will not be paid. But at the same time treating work force in a differential way may result into resentment and can erode morale. Such difficulties are enhanced when weaker sections of society like women are involved. However such difficulties may be addressed by simple measures like: Having warm attitude towards all employees regardless of their nationality, religion, or ethnical origin. This practice must exist at top managerial level without prejudice. Multi Cultural Dialogue: The man power of an organization diversified origins should be asked for a directed inter cultural dialogue. This means setting up a discussion group by top management with participants from different origins, nationality, ethnicity, or social backgrounds. This type of dialogues will result into exchange of cultural knowledge and the participants will learn more about why their co workers believe and act the way they do. This leads to a greater tolerance. Cross Cultural Training Seminars: holding of cross cultural training seminar is a positive approach to deal with a multiethnic workforce. Experts from multiethnic elations are to be involved in this type of approach to teach the employees to bridge the cultural gap between them. Such type of seminars may include value origin, world view and tolerance development. Core Values of Employees: This is perhaps the most important action that top management can have to understand the behavior of persons from different ethnic groups in their organization. This is greatly facilitated by presence of Internet and the Information about different cultures is just a click away. So it is clear that a multicultural workforce is not a challenge rather an opportunity creation and approach management in an organization. DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP The effective leadership can impart great deal of motivation in his followers resulting into a high level of achievements. This must be realized that self learning is the most important tool to develop an effective leadership. As the leader is the mentor of his followers it is important for him to acquire more and more knowledge, skill and education to pass it to them. To develop a good leadership one must explain: A basic sense of the System of organization, its function and role and how they are integrated to achieve the goal of the organization. Functions of management, Leadership are one of them and their integration in the organization. A continuous training of the management methodology is a must in this regard. Different traits, models and theories of leadership including different domains of it. As each domain requires different approach and competencies in order to lead that domain a continuous coaching of the leader is a must to develop such qualities. Finally how one can develop his abilities in leadership in a formal or informal way Developing Effective Leaders: Developing leaders to be more effective comes under the domain of leadership development program, which refers to any activity undertaken with a view to enhance the quality and effectiveness of leadership in an organization. These activities may range from management program like MBA, Business diplomas or any post graduate courses offer by companies owned universities, action learning i.e. an Education process of learning by ones own action and experiences in order to improve performance. There may be high rope courses, which are challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity. Such programs are usually constructed in trees or made of utility poles and require strict safety measures to be followed. However there is a non census to be followed about their utility in developing effective leadership. It is also to be emphasized at this level that leaders are rather developed internally rather than recruited. Future Leadership Requirement Model: A leader with focus more on Strategic issues and organizational changes, rather than current operational problem. Apart from leadership competence, a future leadership model will require to take into consideration of issues like work/life balance, potential advances in globalization, technology and return of Investment and increasing interest in the integrity and character of leaders and new way of thinking about leadership.