Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Be Self-Confident

Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Be Self-Confident Easy Ways To Finally Overcome Your Fear Of Public Speaking According to the recent researches, the biggest fear among people is public speaking. Not spiders, not height, even not death, but public speaking is considered to be the thing that people are scared the most. Among the reasons, you may hear the weirdest arguments. Here are the most common causes of peoples biggest fear and possible solutions to deal with it. Dealing with Fear of Public Speaking You sound boring You will never make people bored in the hall if you do not make them bored during your everyday life. However, the more nervous you are, the less confident you will sound during your presentation. Do not be nervous and your real inner character will show itself on the stage. You will belaughted at The most important thing to remember while speaking in public people do not laugh at you, they only laugh with you. Thus, there is no need to feel nervous or ashamed just continue your presentation and laugh with them even if you did not plan to. Humor will cheer you up and give you necessary confidence. You will let audience see your nervousness There is nothing bad in being slightly nervous. People expect you to feel like this, so no one will accuse you of anything. Just not let your nervous feeling grow into public speaking anxiety this is what you are required to do. You will forget everything Even though it is a common problem, there are plenty of ways out of this situation: Make sure your speech is coherent and logic structure all the points, so that it is easy to move from one to another. If you think you are going to forget something, just take a deep breath, think for a second and the lost thought will come to your mind straightaway. Repeat the thought that you have just mentioned. It will push you to the next point of your presentation. Always keep your notes close in case nothing previous helps. However, refer to them at last moment. Just tell the public you forgot everything. Surely as a joke. This will give you a small break and let you remember the lost point. You will fail to answer the questions Firstly remember, you are not supposed to answer all the questions. If somebody is intentionally trying to load you with unanswerable questions, try to turn it into a joke. If it does not help, simply ask that person to wait and give you the business card to be able to answer the question later. You will freeze Here is it, the biggest fear among all the fears. It is situation when you unexpectedly forget everything not being able to say a word. The solution to this is as simple as that just talk. You will never freeze if your mouth does not stop speaking. On the contrary, the longer you stay silent, the more nervous you as well as the audience become.

A Guide to Saying Aunt in Chinese

A Guide to Saying Aunt in Chinese There are many terms for aunt in Chinese depending on whether the aunt is on the mothers side, fathers side, the eldest aunt, or the youngest aunt. Also, each region in China has its own way of saying aunt. Across the board, the most common term for aunt in Chinese is  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­). Pronunciation   The Chinese term for aunt or auntie is composed of two characters: é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨. The pinyin for the first character é˜ ¿ is Ä . Thus, é˜ ¿ is pronounced in the 1st tone. The pinyin for the second character Ã¥ § ¨ is yà ­. That means Ã¥ § ¨ is pronounced in the 2nd tone. In terms of  tones,  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ can also be referred to as a1 yi2. Term Use é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­) is a general term that can be used to refer to  a family member, but it can also refer to people outside of the family. While it is considered polite to formally address female acquaintances as Miss or Mrs. in America, Chinese culture errs on the more familiar side. When addressing friends of parents, parents of friends, or elder females acquaintances in general, it is common to call them é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­).  In that way, this term is akin in auntie in English. Different Family Members As mentioned earlier, there are many ways to say aunt in Chinese depending on many factors. Here is a short breakdown of different terms for aunt in Mandarin Chinese. Ã¥ §â€˜Ã¥ §â€˜ (gÃ… «gu):  fathers sisterÃ¥ © ¶Ã¥ © ¶ (shÄ›nshen):  fathers brothers wifeÃ¥ § ¨Ã¥ ª ½ (traditional) /  Ã¥ § ¨Ã¥ ¦Ë† (simplified) (yà ­mÄ ):  mothers sister舅å ª ½ (traditional) /  Ã¨Ë†â€¦Ã¥ ¦Ë† (simplified) (jià ¹mÄ ):  mothers brothers wife Sentence Examples Using  Ã„€yà ­ Ä€yà ­ li le!é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¤ ¾â€ Ã¤ ºâ€ ! (traditional Chinese)é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¦  ¥Ã¤ ºâ€ ! (simplified Chinese)Auntie is here! TÄ  shà ¬ bà ¹shà ¬ nÇ  de Ä yà ­?Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨(both traditional and simplified Chinese)Is she your aunt? Ä€yà ­ hÇŽo!é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¥ ¥ ½! (both traditional and simplified Chinese)Hi, Auntie!

Eyewitness Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eyewitness Evidence - Essay Example Regardless of age, gender and stature, eyewitnesses vary in many ways toward their susceptibility, their impressions and more. Determining the optimal procedure requires the framework many police procedures rely on. M. L. Eisen writes in Memory and Suggestibility in the Forensic Interview that, "No matter what the scope or complexity of an event, however, the description of a memory for it can be usefully separated into encoding of the event (its original perception and acquisition), its retention over time is due to some change in the nervous system that can be called memory storage, and its later retrieval in response to some query." (Eisen, M.L.; p 4) To this effect, there is a reason the use of restatement of events and redirecting toward a certain moment within the events eye witnesses had experienced will effectively either confirm the events or question the recollections of the witness. This assists investigators, prosecutors and more in assessing validity of eye witness accounts. Eisen continues in his work describing that encouraging witnesses to discuss events prior to the crime or incident in question would also provide insight. "It might seem odd to consider factors that operate pri or to the occurrence of an event as affecting its later retention, but in fact such prior factors can be critical. Even if several people experience "the same" event, they will interpret it differently depending on their prior experiences." (Eisen, M.L.; p 4) This also expands the validity of the recounting of the event in question and can, in fact, assist investigators, prosecutors and the court system in determination as to whether validity and reliability would exist in the recounting. This can be seen in both children and adults depending upon the framework of the cognitive interview and subsequently in court testimony. Gronlund compares how sequential and simultaneous lineups differ from each other in Sequential Lineup Advantage: Contributions of Distinctiveness and Recollection. Gronlund states that according to Wells and colleagues simultaneous lineups would encourage relative decision strategies whereas sequential lineups encourage absolute decision strategies. "Gronlund considered two problems with the relative judgment data. First it was possible that the two shortest heights and two tallest heights in the lineups were not distinguishable to an encoding confusion." (Gronlund, S.D.; p 23-37) Gronlund's argument that recollection requires more mental resources than familiarity does, yet in his view, sequential lineups, however, are less resource demanding. This would allow more recollection capacity for the eye witness. Amina Memon and various authors have taken on the task of understanding many components of eye witness testimony including emotion, age of the witness, facial recognition, and post-identification feedback on confidence and memory judgments. The focus is on both children and adults, including seniors and the differentiations between them. In one abstract of Affecting Memories: Emotional Arousal and Eyewitness Testimony with Lynn Hulse and Kevin Allan, "one theory suggests that emotional arousal impairs memory, another suggests that it enhances

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Methods - Essay Example A key figure in business organization is a leader. His or her role and significance in the modern market society can not be underestimated. Developed countries spend vast resources on training professional managers. This problem is especially acute for many countries, which have very limited experience in training managers with the leadership skills in a market economy. Its solution depends on developing the right ideas about what qualities should be possessed by any leader working under modern conditions. The main objective of work boils down to, to learn the concepts and essence of leadership, to analyze the relationship between supervisor and subordinates, and make recommendations for the improvement of the organization efficiency on the whole. Implementation of the function of leadership must always entail changes and renewal. If any organization wants to survive and succeed in its business, then, on the analogy with people, it must adapt to environmental conditions and change al ong with them. Leaders are the first people, implementing innovations in their organization’s business. There are always people, individuals and whole groups, who fear to lose-something as a result of change. The last cause tensions, even in such cases, when it is obvious, that such changes are overdue and necessary. Without leadership any organization becomes detached from life, losing its ground, becoming less popular and effective. Leadership involves the process of social impact. The emphasis on "group" was and remains common to leadership theories and research in this area. This level of analysis refers to the micro level of organizational behavior and leadership studies. Business organization and, especially, organizational culture, in this case is rarely included in the scope of scientific interests. In this connection, study of problems of organizational leadership takes its particular relevance through the prism of an entrepreneurial culture under modern conditions. The extent of the given problem, relations between the leadership and team and the root causes of this universal social phenomenon were interesting for both thinkers of antiquity and modern times: Socrates, Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Kant. Analysis of business organizations as socio-cultural phenomenon dates back to the tradition of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, K. Levin, F. O. Selznick, and especially Charles Barnard and H. Simon (the latter largely foreshadowed the notion of "organizational ethics", the main features of the "organizational culture" category). The very introduction of the term "organizational culture ", as part of the business culture, and its detailed study dates back to the late 70-ies of XX century. G. Hofshtede (2000) conducted the most comprehensive study in the area of establishment and functioning of the enterprise culture and its typology. The models of the organizational culture influence on the functioning and management of the organization were suggested by V. Sate, T. Peters and R. Waterman, R. Quinn, J. Rohrbach, R. De George, J. Burns. The new aspects of leadership analysis were labeled in trade organizations in

Human impact on climate Essay Example for Free

Human impact on climate Essay Abstract Climate change has long been a controversial issue among governments and world bodies. It is defined as the variation in the Earth’s global climate or in regional climates over time. These variations may be caused by a multitude of factors, some of which include geological changes within the Earth itself, changes in forces outside the earth, or human activity. When talking about this issue, two terms are often interchanged to refer to these variations in normal weather patterns, namely global warming and climate change. The two however, while similar, belong to different spectrums. This paper seeks to examine the role of human activities as a form of climate change. Overview Global warming simply pertains to the recent gradual warming of the temperature in different locations around the earth. Climate change, as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), talks of variations in weather in general, but which are caused particularly by human activity. Although there have been steps taken towards curbing the destructive effects of climate change, there continues to still be a sense of apathy on the parts of some governments with regard to it. The continued burning of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles and other machines are directly responsible for producing air particles that contribute to warming the earth’s atmosphere. The conversion of forests to farmland or real estate developments has also reduced the amount of trees overall, thus cutting down the chances of more trees mitigating the carbon levels in the air, as well as absorbing and acting as a natural control for floods. Effects of Climate Change Climate change will have many effects on the environment, some of them already visible while others are slowly already being experienced in different parts of the world. Currently, scientists project that the mean global temperature will rise about 3 degrees Celsius, assuming the amount of carbon dioxide in the air doubles due to continued use of fossil fuels. Another projection was the rising of the mean sea level by about 50 cm, a relatively significant rise in light of the fact that computer model estimates have shown that several low-lying states and countries may, in part or whole, be submerged by the rising water level. The warming of temperatures at the mid-continent levels, as well as those in higher latitudes, will also be greater as compared to other locations. It has therefore been predicted that a considerable amount of polar and glacial will melt, as well as the continued warming of the oceans. These two events will constitute for the most part the increase in water levels mentioned earlier. Also to be seriously affected is the ecosystem, along with the natural order of the environment. Due to the heat that would be generated, more tropical climates would be prevalent, thus the focus on migration as well as agricultural production and output would shift all over the world. For the wildlife, the changing ecosystems would directly affect their natural habitats and breeding places. As it is, researchers continue to forecast that global warming may cause the easier proliferation of disease due to the idea that disease-carrying insects and other animals may migrate to other locations due to the changing weather. The hydrologic cycle will also intensify, with changes in water supplies as well as weather seasons such as droughts and flood, which could then greatly affect crops and other natural sources of food. Lastly, the effects of climate change on the broad concept of international security cannot be discounted. With more poor countries potentially facing an environmental disaster of catastrophic proportions, masses of refugees could converge on those remaining industrialized and highly urbanized nations that remain only somewhat affected. Also, should fossil fuel use not be successfully curbed in time, the scarcity of it will only mean that nations who have remaining reserves will become more powerful and dominant in the world stage, with new influential nations possibly developing.

Drugs - Does America Have a Future? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Does America Have a Future? Can you picture this? Children and teenagers suffer from irreversible brain damage. Children go to school high, if they even to go school at all. Crime rates soar to outrageous proportions. Businesses fail because of decreased productivity and increased absenteeism. Families break up because a parent is in prison. Courtrooms and prisons are overcrowded with criminals convicted of drug-related crimes. These scenes could reflect America in the future if drugs such as cocaine and marijuana are legalized. One argument for the legalization of drugs is that crime rates would be reduced. Former Surgeon General, Dr. Joycelyn Elders, stated on December 8, 1993, that "we could markedly reduce our crime rate if drugs were legalized." Her rationale is that drug users would not kill other people for drugs or drug money of drugs were legal. The logic is simple: if much of our growing crime rate is due to attempts by drug dealers to obtain and market drugs, and to attempts by addicts to obtain the money to buy their drugs at inflated prices, then legalizing drugs and controlling the cost would reduce the current crime rate. However, legalizing drugs would most likely increase the crime rate, not decrease it. A close look at the dynamics involved reveals that legalizing drugs would bring nothing but disaster for our future. First, legalizing drugs would promote further drug use. Current users would probably use drugs more often if they were legal, and people who do not currently use drugs might be tempted to try them for the same reasons. The National Institute of Drug Abuse reports that two-thirds of Americans between the ages of twenty and forty have used illegal drugs in the past... ...If that were not enough, parents under the influence of drugs are simply unable to make logical decisions or give children the guidance they need. What will happen, then, if more parents were suddenly able to obtain drugs for their "recreational use," most often in their homes? With such disastrous effects, why would anyone believe that legalizing drugs would benefit this country? Even if one or two of these predictions turned out to be true, would we be better off than we are now? If drugs are legalized in this country, this country would rapidly deteriorate in the midst of the millions and millions of drug-using Americans. Crime rates would escalate, and individuals, families, and society would disintegrate. Drugs are already consuming America. The future of America looks even more dismal if drug use were further legalized and its use further condoned.

Angels Demons Chapter 102-105

102 Piazza Navona. Fountain of the Four Rivers. Nights in Rome, like those in the desert, can be surprisingly cool, even after a warm day. Langdon was huddled now on the fringes of Piazza Navona, pulling his jacket around him. Like the distant white noise of traffic, a cacophony of news reports echoed across the city. He checked his watch. Fifteen minutes. He was grateful for a few moments of rest. The piazza was deserted. Bernini's masterful fountain sizzled before him with a fearful sorcery. The foaming pool sent a magical mist upward, lit from beneath by underwater floodlights. Langdon sensed a cool electricity in the air. The fountain's most arresting quality was its height. The central core alone was over twenty feet tall – a rugged mountain of travertine marble riddled with caves and grottoes through which the water churned. The entire mound was draped with pagan figures. Atop this stood an obelisk that climbed another forty feet. Langdon let his eyes climb. On the obelisk's tip, a faint shadow blotted the sky, a lone pigeon perched silently. A cross, Langdon thought, still amazed by the arrangement of the markers across Rome. Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers was the last altar of science. Only hours ago Langdon had been standing in the Pantheon convinced the Path of Illumination had been broken and he would never get this far. It had been a foolish blunder. In fact, the entire path was intact. Earth, Air, Fire, Water. And Langdon had followed it†¦ from beginning to end. Not quite to the end, he reminded himself. The path had five stops, not four. This fourth marker fountain somehow pointed to the ultimate destiny – the Illuminati's sacred lair – the Church of Illumination. Langdon wondered if the lair were still standing. He wondered if that was where the Hassassin had taken Vittoria. Langdon found his eyes probing the figures in the fountain, looking for any clue as to the direction of the lair. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. Almost immediately, though, he was overcome by an unsettling awareness. This fountain contained no angels whatsoever. It certainly contained none Langdon could see from where he was standing†¦ and none he had ever seen in the past. The Fountain of the Four Rivers was a pagan work. The carvings were all profane – humans, animals, even an awkward armadillo. An angel here would stick out like a sore thumb. Is this the wrong place? He considered the cruciform arrangement of the four obelisks. He clenched his fists. This fountain is perfect. It was only 10:46 P.M. when a black van emerged from the alleyway on the far side of the piazza. Langdon would not have given it a second look except that the van drove with no headlights. Like a shark patrolling a moonlit bay, the vehicle circled the perimeter of the piazza. Langdon hunkered lower, crouched in the shadows beside the huge stairway leading up to the Church of St. Agnes in Agony. He gazed out at the piazza, his pulse climbing. After making two complete circuits, the van banked inward toward Bernini's fountain. It pulled abreast of the basin, moving laterally along the rim until its side was flush with the fountain. Then it parked, its sliding door positioned only inches above the churning water. Mist billowed. Langdon felt an uneasy premonition. Had the Hassassin arrived early? Had he come in a van? Langdon had imagined the killer escorting his last victim across the piazza on foot, like he had at St. Peter's, giving Langdon an open shot. But if the Hassassin had arrived in a van, the rules had just changed. Suddenly, the van's side door slid open. On the floor of the van, contorted in agony, lay a naked man. The man was wrapped in yards of heavy chains. He thrashed against the iron links, but the chains were too heavy. One of the links bisected the man's mouth like a horse's bit, stifling his cries for help. It was then that Langdon saw the second figure, moving around behind the prisoner in the dark, as though making final preparations. Langdon knew he had only seconds to act. Taking the gun, he slipped off his jacket and dropped it on the ground. He didn't want the added encumbrance of a tweed jacket, nor did he have any intention of taking Galileo's Diagramma anywhere near the water. The document would stay here where it was safe and dry. Langdon scrambled to his right. Circling the perimeter of the fountain, he positioned himself directly opposite the van. The fountain's massive centerpiece obscured his view. Standing, he ran directly toward the basin. He hoped the thundering water was drowning his footsteps. When he reached the fountain, he climbed over the rim and dropped into the foaming pool. The water was waist deep and like ice. Langdon grit his teeth and plowed through the water. The bottom was slippery, made doubly treacherous by a stratum of coins thrown for good luck. Langdon sensed he would need more than good luck. As the mist rose all around him, he wondered if it was the cold or the fear that was causing the gun in his hand to shake. He reached the interior of the fountain and circled back to his left. He waded hard, clinging to the cover of the marble forms. Hiding himself behind the huge carved form of a horse, Langdon peered out. The van was only fifteen feet away. The Hassassin was crouched on the floor of the van, hands planted on the cardinal's chain-clad body, preparing to roll him out the open door into the fountain. Waist-deep in water, Robert Langdon raised his gun and stepped out of the mist, feeling like some sort of aquatic cowboy making a final stand. â€Å"Don't move.† His voice was steadier than the gun. The Hassassin looked up. For a moment he seemed confused, as though he had seen a ghost. Then his lips curled into an evil smile. He raised his arms in submission. â€Å"And so it goes.† â€Å"Get out of the van.† â€Å"You look wet.† â€Å"You're early.† â€Å"I am eager to return to my prize.† Langdon leveled the gun. â€Å"I won't hesitate to shoot.† â€Å"You've already hesitated.† Langdon felt his finger tighten on the trigger. The cardinal lay motionless now. He looked exhausted, moribund. â€Å"Untie him.† â€Å"Forget him. You've come for the woman. Do not pretend otherwise.† Langdon fought the urge to end it right there. â€Å"Where is she?† â€Å"Somewhere safe. Awaiting my return.† She's alive. Langdon felt a ray of hope. â€Å"At the Church of Illumination?† The killer smiled. â€Å"You will never find its location.† Langdon was incredulous. The lair is still standing. He aimed the gun. â€Å"Where?† â€Å"The location has remained secret for centuries. Even to me it was only revealed recently. I would die before I break that trust.† â€Å"I can find it without you.† â€Å"An arrogant thought.† Langdon motioned to the fountain. â€Å"I've come this far.† â€Å"So have many. The final step is the hardest.† Langdon stepped closer, his footing tentative beneath the water. The Hassassin looked remarkably calm, squatting there in the back of the van with his arms raised over his head. Langdon aimed at his chest, wondering if he should simply shoot and be done with it. No. He knows where Vittoria is. He knows where the antimatter is. I need information! From the darkness of the van the Hassassin gazed out at his aggressor and couldn't help but feel an amused pity. The American was brave, that he had proven. But he was also untrained. That he had also proven. Valor without expertise was suicide. There were rules of survival. Ancient rules. And the American was breaking all of them. You had the advantage – the element of surprise. You squandered it. The American was indecisive†¦ hoping for backup most likely†¦ or perhaps a slip of the tongue that would reveal critical information. Never interrogate before you disable your prey. A cornered enemy is a deadly enemy. The American was talking again. Probing. Maneuvering. The killer almost laughed aloud. This is not one of your Hollywood movies†¦ there will be no long discussions at gunpoint before the final shoot-out. This is the end. Now. Without breaking eye contact, the killer inched his hands across the ceiling of the van until he found what he was looking for. Staring dead ahead, he grasped it. Then he made his play. The motion was utterly unexpected. For an instant, Langdon thought the laws of physics had ceased to exist. The killer seemed to hang weightless in the air as his legs shot out from beneath him, his boots driving into the cardinal's side and launching the chain-laden body out the door. The cardinal splashed down, sending up a sheet of spray. Water dousing his face, Langdon realized too late what had happened. The killer had grasped one of the van's roll bars and used it to swing outward. Now the Hassassin was sailing toward him, feet-first through the spray. Langdon pulled the trigger, and the silencer spat. The bullet exploded through the toe of the Hassassin's left boot. Instantly Langdon felt the soles of the Hassassin's boots connect with his chest, driving him back with a crushing kick. The two men splashed down in a spray of blood and water. As the icy liquid engulfed Langdon's body, his first cognition was pain. Survival instinct came next. He realized he was no longer holding his weapon. It had been knocked away. Diving deep, he groped along the slimy bottom. His hand gripped metal. A handful of coins. He dropped them. Opening his eyes, Langdon scanned the glowing basin. The water churned around him like a frigid Jacuzzi. Despite the instinct to breathe, fear kept him on the bottom. Always moving. He did not know from where the next assault would come. He needed to find the gun! His hands groped desperately in front of him. You have the advantage, he told himself. You are in your element. Even in a soaked turtleneck Langdon was an agile swimmer. Water is your element. When Langdon's fingers found metal a second time, he was certain his luck had changed. The object in his hand was no handful of coins. He gripped it and tried to pull it toward him, but when he did, he found himself gliding through the water. The object was stationary. Langdon realized even before he coasted over the cardinal's writhing body that he had grasped part of the metal chain that was weighing the man down. Langdon hovered a moment, immobilized by the sight of the terrified face staring up at him from the floor of the fountain. Jolted by the life in the man's eyes, Langdon reached down and grabbed the chains, trying to heave him toward the surface. The body came slowly†¦ like an anchor. Langdon pulled harder. When the cardinal's head broke the surface, the old man gasped a few sucking, desperate breaths. Then, violently, his body rolled, causing Langdon to lose his grip on the slippery chains. Like a stone, Baggia went down again and disappeared beneath the foaming water. Langdon dove, eyes wide in the liquid murkiness. He found the cardinal. This time, when Langdon grabbed on, the chains across Baggia's chest shifted†¦ parting to reveal a further wickedness†¦ a word stamped in seared flesh. Angels & Demons An instant later, two boots strode into view. One was gushing blood. 103 As a water polo player, Robert Langdon had endured more than his fair share of underwater battles. The competitive savagery that raged beneath the surface of a water polo pool, away from the eyes of the referees, could rival even the ugliest wrestling match. Langdon had been kicked, scratched, held, and even bitten once by a frustrated defenseman from whom Langdon had continuously twisted away. Now, though, thrashing in the frigid water of Bernini's fountain, Langdon knew he was a long way from the Harvard pool. He was fighting not for a game, but for his life. This was the second time they had battled. No referees here. No rematches. The arms driving his face toward the bottom of the basin thrust with a force that left no doubt that it intended to kill. Langdon instinctively spun like a torpedo. Break the hold! But the grip torqued him back, his attacker enjoying an advantage no water polo defenseman ever had – two feet on solid ground. Langdon contorted, trying to get his own feet beneath him. The Hassassin seemed to be favoring one arm†¦ but nonetheless, his grip held firm. It was then that Langdon knew he was not coming up. He did the only thing he could think of to do. He stopped trying to surface. If you can't go north, go east. Marshalling the last of his strength, Langdon dolphin-kicked his legs and pulled his arms beneath him in an awkward butterfly stroke. His body lurched forward. The sudden switch in direction seemed to take the Hassassin off guard. Langdon's lateral motion dragged his captor's arms sideways, compromising his balance. The man's grip faltered, and Langdon kicked again. The sensation felt like a towline had snapped. Suddenly Langdon was free. Blowing the stale air from his lungs, Langdon clawed for the surface. A single breath was all he got. With crashing force the Hassassin was on top of him again, palms on his shoulders, all of his weight bearing down. Langdon scrambled to plant his feet beneath him but the Hassassin's leg swung out, cutting Langdon down. He went under again. Langdon's muscles burned as he twisted beneath the water. This time his maneuvers were in vain. Through the bubbling water, Langdon scanned the bottom, looking for the gun. Everything was blurred. The bubbles were denser here. A blinding light flashed in his face as the killer wrestled him deeper, toward a submerged spotlight bolted on the floor of the fountain. Langdon reached out, grabbing the canister. It was hot. Langdon tried to pull himself free, but the contraption was mounted on hinges and pivoted in his hand. His leverage was instantly lost. The Hassassin drove him deeper still. It was then Langdon saw it. Poking out from under the coins directly beneath his face. A narrow, black cylinder. The silencer of Olivetti's gun! Langdon reached out, but as his fingers wrapped around the cylinder, he did not feel metal, he felt plastic. When he pulled, the flexible rubber hose came flopping toward him like a flimsy snake. It was about two feet long with a jet of bubbles surging from the end. Langdon had not found the gun at all. It was one of the fountain's many harmless spumanti†¦ bubble makers. Only a few feet away, Cardinal Baggia felt his soul straining to leave his body. Although he had prepared for this moment his entire life, he had never imagined the end would be like this. His physical shell was in agony†¦ burned, bruised, and held underwater by an immovable weight. He reminded himself that this suffering was nothing compared to what Jesus had endured. He died for my sins†¦ Baggia could hear the thrashing of a battle raging nearby. He could not bear the thought of it. His captor was about to extinguish yet another life†¦ the man with kind eyes, the man who had tried to help. As the pain mounted, Baggia lay on his back and stared up through the water at the black sky above him. For a moment he thought he saw stars. It was time. Releasing all fear and doubt, Baggia opened his mouth and expelled what he knew would be his final breath. He watched his spirit gurgle heavenward in a burst of transparent bubbles. Then, reflexively, he gasped. The water poured in like icy daggers to his sides. The pain lasted only a few seconds. Then†¦ peace. The Hassassin ignored the burning in his foot and focused on the drowning American, whom he now held pinned beneath him in the churning water. Finish it fully. He tightened his grip, knowing this time Robert Langdon would not survive. As he predicted, his victim's struggling became weaker and weaker. Suddenly Langdon's body went rigid. He began to shake wildly. Yes, the Hassassin mused. The rigors. When the water first hits the lungs. The rigors, he knew, would last about five seconds. They lasted six. Then, exactly as the Hassassin expected, his victim went suddenly flaccid. Like a great deflating balloon, Robert Langdon fell limp. It was over. The Hassassin held him down for another thirty seconds to let the water flood all of his pulmonary tissue. Gradually, he felt Langdon's body sink, on its own accord, to the bottom. Finally, the Hassassin let go. The media would find a double surprise in the Fountain of the Four Rivers. â€Å"Tabban!† the Hassassin swore, clambering out of the fountain and looking at his bleeding toe. The tip of his boot was shredded, and the front of his big toe had been sheared off. Angry at his own carelessness, he tore the cuff from his pant leg and rammed the fabric into the toe of his boot. Pain shot up his leg. â€Å"Ibn al-kalb!† He clenched his fists and rammed the cloth deeper. The bleeding slowed until it was only a trickle. Turning his thoughts from pain to pleasure, the Hassassin got into his van. His work in Rome was done. He knew exactly what would soothe his discomfort. Vittoria Vetra was bound and waiting. The Hassassin, even cold and wet, felt himself stiffen. I have earned my reward. Across town Vittoria awoke in pain. She was on her back. All of her muscles felt like stone. Tight. Brittle. Her arms hurt. When she tried to move, she felt spasms in her shoulders. It took her a moment to comprehend her hands were tied behind her back. Her initial reaction was confusion. Am I dreaming? But when she tried to lift her head, the pain at the base of her skull informed her of her wakefulness. Confusion transforming to fear, she scanned her surroundings. She was in a crude, stone room – large and well-furnished, lit by torches. Some kind of ancient meeting hall. Old-fashioned benches sat in a circle nearby. Vittoria felt a breeze, cold now on her skin. Nearby, a set of double doors stood open, beyond them a balcony. Through the slits in the balustrade, Vittoria could have sworn she saw the Vatican. 104 Robert Langdon lay on a bed of coins at the bottom of the Fountain of the Four Rivers. His mouth was still wrapped around the plastic hose. The air being pumped through the spumanti tube to froth the fountain had been polluted by the pump, and his throat burned. He was not complaining, though. He was alive. He was not sure how accurate his imitation of a drowning man had been, but having been around water his entire life, Langdon had certainly heard accounts. He had done his best. Near the end, he had even blown all the air from his lungs and stopped breathing so that his muscle mass would carry his body to the floor. Thankfully, the Hassassin had bought it and let go. Now, resting on the bottom of the fountain, Langdon had waited as long as he could wait. He was about to start choking. He wondered if the Hassassin was still out there. Taking an acrid breath from the tube, Langdon let go and swam across the bottom of the fountain until he found the smooth swell of the central core. Silently, he followed it upward, surfacing out of sight, in the shadows beneath the huge marble figures. The van was gone. That was all Langdon needed to see. Pulling a long breath of fresh air back into his lungs, he scrambled back toward where Cardinal Baggia had gone down. Langdon knew the man would be unconscious now, and chances of revival were slim, but he had to try. When Langdon found the body, he planted his feet on either side, reached down, and grabbed the chains wrapped around the cardinal. Then Langdon pulled. When the cardinal broke water, Langdon could see the eyes were already rolled upward, bulging. Not a good sign. There was no breath or pulse. Knowing he could never get the body up and over the fountain rim, Langdon lugged Cardinal Baggia through the water and into the hollow beneath the central mound of marble. Here the water became shallow, and there was an inclined ledge. Langdon dragged the naked body up onto the ledge as far as he could. Not far. Then he went to work. Compressing the cardinal's chain-clad chest, Langdon pumped the water from his lungs. Then he began CPR. Counting carefully. Deliberately. Resisting the instinct to blow too hard and too fast. For three minutes Langdon tried to revive the old man. After five minutes, Langdon knew it was over. Il preferito. The man who would be Pope. Lying dead before him. Somehow, even now, prostrate in the shadows on the semisubmerged ledge, Cardinal Baggia retained an air of quiet dignity. The water lapped softly across his chest, seeming almost remorseful†¦ as if asking forgiveness for being the man's ultimate killer†¦ as if trying to cleanse the scalded wound that bore its name. Gently, Langdon ran a hand across the man's face and closed his upturned eyes. As he did, he felt an exhausted shudder of tears well from within. It startled him. Then, for the first time in years, Langdon cried. 105 The fog of weary emotion lifted slowly as Langdon waded away from the dead cardinal, back into deep water. Depleted and alone in the fountain, Langdon half-expected to collapse. But instead, he felt a new compulsion rising within him. Undeniable. Frantic. He sensed his muscles hardening with an unexpected grit. His mind, as though ignoring the pain in his heart, forced aside the past and brought into focus the single, desperate task ahead. Find the Illuminati lair. Help Vittoria. Turning now to the mountainous core of Bernini's fountain, Langdon summoned hope and launched himself into his quest for the final Illuminati marker. He knew somewhere on this gnarled mass of figures was a clue that pointed to the lair. As Langdon scanned the fountain, though, his hope withered quickly. The words of the segno seemed to gurgle mockingly all around him. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. Langdon glared at the carved forms before him. The fountain is pagan! It has no damn angels anywhere! When Langdon completed his fruitless search of the core, his eyes instinctively climbed the towering stone pillar. Four markers, he thought, spread across Rome in a giant cross. Scanning the hieroglyphics covering the obelisk, he wondered if perhaps there were a clue hidden in the Egyptian symbology. He immediately dismissed the idea. The hieroglyphs predated Bernini by centuries, and hieroglyphs had not even been decipherable until the Rosetta Stone was discovered. Still, Langdon ventured, maybe Bernini had carved an additional symbol? One that would go unnoticed among all the hieroglyphs? Feeling a shimmer of hope, Langdon circumnavigated the fountain one more time and studied all four fa;ades of the obelisk. It took him two minutes, and when he reached the end of the final face, his hopes sank. Nothing in the hieroglyphs stood out as any kind of addition. Certainly no angels. Langdon checked his watch. It was eleven on the dot. He couldn't tell whether time was flying or crawling. Images of Vittoria and the Hassassin started to swirl hauntingly as Langdon clambered his way around the fountain, the frustration mounting as he frantically completed yet another fruitless circle. Beaten and exhausted, Langdon felt ready to collapse. He threw back his head to scream into the night. The sound jammed in his throat. Langdon was staring straight up the obelisk. The object perched at the very top was one he had seen earlier and ignored. Now, however, it stopped him short. It was not an angel. Far from it. In fact, he had not even perceived it as part of Bernini's fountain. He thought it was a living creature, another one of the city's scavengers perched on a lofty tower. A pigeon. Langdon squinted skyward at the object, his vision blurred by the glowing mist around him. It was a pigeon, wasn't it? He could clearly see the head and beak silhouetted against a cluster of stars. And yet the bird had not budged since Langdon's arrival, even with the battle below. The bird sat now exactly as it had been when Langdon entered the square. It was perched high atop the obelisk, gazing calmly westward. Langdon stared at it a moment and then plunged his hand into the fountain and grabbed a fistful of coins. He hurled the coins skyward. They clattered across the upper levels of the granite obelisk. The bird did not budge. He tried again. This time, one of the coins hit the mark. A faint sound of metal on metal clanged across the square. The damned pigeon was bronze. You're looking for an angel, not a pigeon, a voice reminded him. But it was too late. Langdon had made the connection. He realized the bird was not a pigeon at all. It was a dove. Barely aware of his own actions, Langdon splashed toward the center of the fountain and began scrambling up the travertine mountain, clambering over huge arms and heads, pulling himself higher. Halfway to the base of the obelisk, he emerged from the mist and could see the head of the bird more clearly. There was no doubt. It was a dove. The bird's deceptively dark color was the result of Rome's pollution tarnishing the original bronze. Then the significance hit him. He had seen a pair of doves earlier today at the Pantheon. A pair of doves carried no meaning. This dove, however, was alone. The lone dove is the pagan symbol for the Angel of Peace. The truth almost lifted Langdon the rest of the way to the obelisk. Bernini had chosen the pagan symbol for the angel so he could disguise it in a pagan fountain. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. The dove is the angel! Langdon could think of no more lofty perch for the Illuminati's final marker than atop this obelisk. The bird was looking west. Langdon tried to follow its gaze, but he could not see over the buildings. He climbed higher. A quote from St. Gregory of Nyssa emerged from his memory most unexpectedly. As the soul becomes enlightened†¦ it takes the beautiful shape of the dove. Langdon rose heavenward. Toward the dove. He was almost flying now. He reached the platform from which the obelisk rose and could climb no higher. With one look around, though, he knew he didn't have to. All of Rome spread out before him. The view was stunning. To his left, the chaotic media lights surrounding St. Peter's. To his right, the smoking cupola of Santa Maria della Vittoria. In front of him in the distance, Piazza del Popolo. Beneath him, the fourth and final point. A giant cross of obelisks. Trembling, Langdon looked to the dove overhead. He turned and faced the proper direction, and then he lowered his eyes to the skyline. In an instant he saw it. So obvious. So clear. So deviously simple. Staring at it now, Langdon could not believe the Illuminati lair had stayed hidden for so many years. The entire city seemed to fade away as he looked out at the monstrous stone structure across the river in front of him. The building was as famous as any in Rome. It stood on the banks of the Tiber River diagonally adjacent to the Vatican. The building's geometry was stark – a circular castle, within a square fortress, and then, outside its walls, surrounding the entire structure, a park in the shape of a pentagram. The ancient stone ramparts before him were dramatically lit by soft floodlights. High atop the castle stood the mammoth bronze angel. The angel pointed his sword downward at the exact center of the castle. And as if that were not enough, leading solely and directly to the castle's main entrance stood the famous Bridge of Angels†¦ a dramatic approachway adorned by twelve towering angels carved by none other than Bernini himself. In a final breathtaking revelation, Langdon realized Bernini's city-wide cross of obelisks marked the fortress in perfect Illuminati fashion; the cross's central arm passed directly through the center of the castle's bridge, dividing it into two equal halves. Langdon retrieved his tweed coat, holding it away from his dripping body. Then he jumped into the stolen sedan and rammed his soggy shoe into the accelerator, speeding off into the night.

Fractional Distillation Essay

Abstract An equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene was separated by simple and fractional distillation, using an empty column and a copper sponge column respectively. Using helium as the mobile phase, the distillate was analyzed through gas chromatography. The calculated HETP for the simple distillation was 8.274 cm/plate and the 3.332 cm/plate for the fractional distillation. Experimental Procedure A copper packed fractional-distillation column was obtained and an apparatus was assembled for fractional distillation. Four clean, dry fraction collectors were obtained and labeled HETP, fraction 1, fraction 2, and fraction 3 respectively. A volume of 40.0 mL of an equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene was added to a 100.0-mL round bottom flask attached to the end of the distillation column. Heating chips were added to the round bottom flask in order to speed up the heating process. The 100.0-mL round bottom flask, along with the distillation column was attached to a ring stand over a heat source. The mixture was delicately heated to a boil. The first five drops were collected in the vial labeled HETP. The liquid for vial 1 began collecting when the temperature was 60 C and continued until it was 85 C. Vial 2 began collecting when the temperature was 86ï‚ °C and continued until it was 99 C. Vial 3 was collected at room temperature once the remaining liquid cooled. A volume of 1 micro-liter of each fraction, including the HEPT was added to the gas chromatography apparatus separately in order for each fraction to be analyzed. For simple distillation, the same procedure was followed using an empty, clean, and dry column. Data: Table 1: Simple Distillation Values VariablesHETPFraction 1Fraction 2Pot Residue Temp range,  °C-60-8586-100- Empty Vials & cap, g5.45316.84216.48216.842 Vial & contents, g5.57828.32330.21123.311 Mass of fraction, g0.12511.48113.7296.469 Area GC peak for Cy93.9461.2430.430 Relative mass Cy, g104.2767.97633.7770 % mass Cy93.3692.6349.550 Actual mass Cy, g0.116710.6356.8030 Actual moles Cy0.001390.126.08080 Area GC peak Tol6.684.8730.9874.33 Relative mass Tol, g7.0145.113532.52978.047 % mass Toluene6.647.3750.45100 Actual mass Tol, g0.008384.6156.9266.469 Actual moles Tol0.000090.91770.07510.0702 Table 2: Fractional Distillation Values (Copper Sponge Column) VariablesHETPFraction 1Fraction 2Pot Residue Temp range,  °C67-7071-8586-100- Empty Vials & cap, g5.30416.52815.73616.031 Vial & contents, g5.41227.14725.26026.200 Mass of fraction, g0.10810.6199.52410.169 Area GC peak for Cy49.4378.2240.000 Relative mass Cy, g54.86786.82444.40 % mass Cy99.588.7663.560 Actual mass Cy, g0.10759.4256.0530 Actual moles Cy0.00130.1120.06570 Area GC peak Tol0.19.9022.9457.86 Relative mass Tol, g0.10510.39524.08760.753 % mass Toluene0.511.2436.44100 Actual mass Tol, g0.00051.1943.47110.169 Actual moles Tol0.0000050.01290.03760.1103 Discussion The Northern Pines Chemical Company specializes in manufacturing chemicals from wood products such as turpentine. To obtain pure ÃŽ ±-pinene, it must be separated, using fractional distillation, from the other major component   turpentine, ÃŽ ²-pinene. This company would like to switch to a cheaper and longer-lasting packing material. The objective of this experiment was to separate an equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene by simple and fractional distillation, using an empty column and a copper sponge column respectively. The distillate was analyzed through gas chromatography, using helium as the mobile phase. Helium is a good mobile phase because it acts as an unreactive carrier-gas that pushes the samples through the chromatogram. This information was used to determine which packing material is most effective by comparing HETP values which based on the number of theoretical plates each material provides. Using the copper sponge as packing material in the fractional distil lation column provided a very effective separation of cyclohexane and toluene. The calculated HETP for simple distillation was 8.274 cm/plate and 3.332 cm/plate for fractional distillation. The fractional distillation was more effective because it had a lower HETP value which means that it has a higher number of theoretical plates for the same column length as the simple distillation. When comparing the purity of the major cyclohexane-rich fraction with the starting mixture (the equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene) of each distillation the packing material improved efficiency by more than six percent. One way to recover cyclohexane with even greater purity would be to heat the starting mixture slowly and steadily instead of rapidly, allowing better separation of the components. Another way to improve purity is to make sure the column is properly packed (not too tight) and insulated. Different packing materials will have diverse efficiency for distillation and therefore yield different HETP values. The most efficient packing material used was â€Å"rascing rings,† which provided an HETP of 2.67 cm/plate. The copper sponge material had an HETP value of 3.3 cm/plate, followed by glass beads and coiled copper with 7.5cm/plate and galvanized steel with 12.5 cm/plate. Packing the Northern Pines Chemical Company’s 3ft fractionating column with rascing rings would provide 34.2 plates, which meets the minimum requirement for separating ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²-pinene. Exercises 1) HETP=height/plates Porcelain saddles: 5 cm= (15 cm )/(x )=3 plates Glass Tube: 15 cm= (15 cm )/x=1 plate Vigreux Column: 8 cm= (24 cm)/x=3 plates Total plates= 3+3+1-1(boiling flask) = 6 plates 2) The HETP value and efficiency of separation can be affected by experimental errors. A) If the HETP sample was collected midway through the distillation, the mole fraction of cyclohexane:toluene would be much lower, which would in turn yield a higher HETP value. B) If all of the liquid distilled within 5 minutes of heating, a higher HETP value would be found again because all of the toluene would be distilled as well. This also means poor separation. C) If two packed columns were stacked over the boiling flask instead of one, the HETP value remain the same if the columns were identical because the height and number of plates would be the same.

Fecha de prioridad para obtener la green card

Fecha de prioridad para obtener la green card Tu fecha de prioridad es el dà ­a en el USCIS recibià ³ tu peticià ³n para una tarjeta de residencia. Es un dato importantà ­simo para saber cundo tendrs disponible una visa de inmigrante para ti. Si eres esposo/a, hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os, padre o madre de un ciudadano americano tu fecha de prioridad aparece en el documento en el que el USCIS confirma que ha recibido la aplicacià ³n. Pero realmente no es importante a estos efectos. Para ti no hay là ­mite anual en el nà ºmero de visas que se pueden conceder. Por lo tanto,  para ti no aplica el resto del artà ­culo. Por el contrario, si eres: cà ³nyuge de un residente permanente legalhijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de un residente permanentehermano de un ciudadanohijo soltero mayor de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadanohijo casado de cualquier edad de un ciudadano entonces sà ­ que la fecha de prioridad es muy importante para tu caso. Sigue leyendo. Los cupos anuales para tarjetas de residencia por razà ³n de familia Si ests en uno de los casos anteriores, para cada aà ±o fiscal hay un là ­mite en el nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden aprobar para cada categorà ­a de peticià ³n por razà ³n de familia. Pero como el nà ºmero de solicitudes que se presentan anualmente es superior al nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia disponibles esto hace que se produzca aà ±o tras aà ±o una acumulacià ³n de casos. Y se resuelven por estricto orden de presentacià ³n de la solicitud para cada categorà ­a. Y aquà ­ es donde entra en juego la fecha de prioridad. Cà ³mo se sabe si tienes que seguir esperando o si ya hay una visa disponible para ti Tienes que saber tres cosas: tu fecha de prioridad. Puedes verla en el NOA2tu paà ­s de nacimiento. Y si es Mà ©xico, China, India o Filipinas ver si te puede aplicar un cambio de paà ­s (alternative chargeability)tu categorà ­a Las categorà ­as son estas: cuando el que pide a un familiar es un ciudadano americano: Categorà ­a F1, cuando el beneficiario es un hijo del ciudadano y reà ºne estos dos requisitos: es mayor de 21 aà ±os y est soltero o es viudo o divorciado.Categorà ­a F3, cuando el aplicante es un hijo de un estadounidense y est casado. No importa la edad.Categorà ­a F4, cuando la tarjeta de residencia se solicita para un hermano de un ciudadano. Estos son 10 pasos para este tipo de solicitud, que da una idea clara de quà © se hace en cada momento y de dà ³nde se producen las demoras. Cuando el que pide la tarjeta de residencia para un familiar es un residente permanente legal: Categorà ­a F2A, cuando el beneficiario es el marido o la mujer de un residente o un hijo menor de 21 aà ±os que est soltero.Categorà ­a F2B, cuando se solicita para un hijo soltero del residente permanente que tiene ms de 21 aà ±os. En este caso debe estar soltero, viudo o divorciado. En otras palabras, los residentes permanentes no pueden solicitar una tarjeta de residencia para los hijos casados. Una vez que sabes esos tres datos debes hacer los siguiente: Cada mes, a partir del dà ­a 8 aproximadamente, el Departamento de Estado publica en el Boletà ­n de Visas las fechas de corte (cut-off) para cada categorà ­a de visas de inmigrante para el mes siguiente.   Entonces, lo que tienes que hacer es buscar tu categorà ­a (f1, f2a, f2b, f3 o f4) y mirar la columna de Mà ©xico, si has nacido allà ­, o la del resto del mundo, si has nacido en otro paà ­s de Latinoamà ©rica o en Espaà ±a (o en otro paà ­s que no sea China, India o Filipinas). Y vers una fecha (escrita a la americana, primero el mes, luego el dà ­a y luego el aà ±o). Eso quiere decir que las peticiones en esa categorà ­a con fecha de prioridad anterior a ese dà ­a tienen ya visa de inmigrante disponible. En otras palabras, toda la tramitacià ³n se acerca a su fin, aunque todavà ­a no se ha completado. Si ests fuera de Estados Unidos, quiere decir que el consulado tiene a su disposicià ³n un nà ºmero para la visa de inmigrante. Y si ests ya en el paà ­s, que el CIS tiene un nà ºmero para proceder a tramitar el ajuste de estatus. Pero si tu fecha de prioridad es posterior al dà ­a de corte que aparece en el boletà ­n de visas, eso quiere decir que tendrs que seguir esperando. Retrocesià ³n Si todos los meses consultas el boletà ­n de visas es posible que un dà ­a te lleves un buen susto al ver que las fechas de corte en vez de ir adelantando, den un salto hacia atrs . Esto es lo que se conoce como retrocesià ³n, cuando por la razà ³n que sea no hay visas de inmigrante disponibles para una categorà ­a en concreto o incluso para un paà ­s dentro de una categorà ­a. Suele darse cuando el aà ±o fiscal se acerca a su fin. A tener en cuenta La fecha de corte que aparece en el boletà ­n de visas quiere decir cunto han estado esperando las personas que han hecho su peticià ³n en determinada categorà ­a. Pero si ahora presentas tà º una peticià ³n, no quiere decir que ese vaya a ser tu tiempo de espera. Puede ser mayor o menor. Pero en todo caso te da una idea de lo lento que funciona el sistema. Y aquà ­ se puede ver cunto se demora todo tipo de trmite migratorio, desde lo que tardan las residencias a presentarse en Corte, solicitud de visas u otro tipo de peticiones. Para evitar repeticiones a la hora de escribir el artà ­culo, se utilizan las palabras ciudadano, hijos, trabajadores, etc en sentido genà ©rico, incluyendo tanto al hombre como a la mujer. Es decir, cuando se habla de un hijo de un ciudadano hay que entender que tambià ©n se contempla el caso de la hija de un ciudadano o los hijos de una ciudadana. Y asà ­ en todos los supuestos. Consejo y dà ³nde encontrar informacià ³n Toma una test para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos  sobre cà ³mo obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia. Es difà ­cil conseguirla. No corras el riesgo de que te la cancelen por ignorancia. Finalmente, es importante saber dà ³nde encontrar informacià ³n sobre el caso, saber dà ³nde reportar fraudes o dà ³nde solicitar ayuda.

Mastaba, the Original Pyramids

Mastaba, the Original Pyramids A mastaba is a large rectangular structure that was used as a type of tomb, often for royalty, in Ancient Egypt. Mastabas were relatively low (especially when compared to pyramids), rectangular, flat-roofed, roughly bench shaped burial structures that were created and utilized for the pre-Dynastic pharaohs or nobility of Ancient Egypt. They had distinct sloping sides and were typically made of mud bricks or stones. The mastabas themselves served as visible monuments for the prominent Egyptian nobility that they housed, although the actual burial chambers for the mummified corpses were underground and were not visible to the public from the outside of the structure. Step Pyramid Technically, mastabas preceded the original pyramid. In fact, pyramids developed directly from mastabas, as the first pyramid was actually a type of step pyramid, which was constructed by stacking one mastaba directly on top of a slightly larger one. This process was repeated several times in order to create the initial pyramid. The original step pyramid was designed by Imhotepin the third millennium BC. The sloping sides of traditional pyramids were adopted directly from mastabas, although the flat roof typical of mastabas was replaced by a pointed roof in pyramids. The common flat-sided, pointed pyramid also developed directly from the mastabas. Such pyramids were created by modifying the step pyramid by filling in the uneven sides of the pyramids with stones and lime in order to create the flat, even outward appearance. This eliminated the stair-like appearance of step pyramids. Thus, the progression of pyramids went from the mastabas to the step pyramids to the bent pyramids (which was an in-between form of the step pyramid and the triangular shaped pyramids), and then finally the triangle shaped pyramids, like those seen at Giza. Usage Eventually, during the Old Kingdom in Egypt, Egyptian royalty such as kings stopped being buried in mastabas, and began being buried in more modern, and more aesthetically pleasing, pyramids. Egyptians of non-royal background continued to be buried in mastabas. From the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Old Kingdom mastabas were used chiefly for non-royal burials. In nonroyal tombs, a chapel was provided that included a formal tablet or stela on which the deceased was shown seated at a table of offerings. The earliest examples are simple and architecturally undemanding; later a suitable room, the tomb-chapel, was provided for the stela (now incorporated in a false door) in the tomb superstructure. Storage chambers were stocked with food and equipment, and walls were often decorated with scenes showing the deceased’s expected daily activities. What had earlier been a niche on the side grew into a chapel with an offering table and a false door through which the spirit of the deceased could leave and enter the burial chamber.†

Community Analysis for Sedgefield Elementary School Essay

Community Analysis for Sedgefield Elementary School - Essay Example There is a public library within the vicinity but mathematically and logically speaking, most of the students could not afford to be they're considering the accessibility of the people who are within the area (The distance, the availability of time, availability of materials that are to be used). In the school's case, it has limited resources for the students to enjoy the privilege of having different study materials. It lacks resources that are essential for the need of information in their respective subjects. Therefore a need for more learning materials particularly books and library for the students to enjoy their studies. Due to limited resources, the students are deprived of having a quality education, which is needed by the students. Primarily, the need of literacy program for the students is at bay so the problem for them to read and write is a major concern in order for the students to have at least a capital for them to ascend into the next level of education. So the need for a library is evident. To analyze the library that is present in the vicinity in this small community in Charlotte particularly the Sedge field media center, it ca